Protocol - Crime and Delinquency - Adolescent
- Disinhibiting Behaviors - Impulsivity - Adolescent and Adult
- Disinhibiting Behaviors - Impulsivity - Child
- Family Conflict - Intimate-Relationship
- Family Conflict - Parent-Child
Description
Using a list of 40 criminal and delinquent questions, the respondent indicates if he or she has engaged in each activity-and, if so, how many times in the past year.
Specific Instructions
Several of the activities are criminal in nature, so it is essential that the interviewer explains that the answers are confidential and that no one other than the research staff will be able to see the answers. If the respondents are thought to be at high risk for involvement in serious delinquent or criminal activities, the researchers may want to obtain a Certificate of Confidentiality (COC). Once obtained, the researcher should inform the respondent that he/she has a COC and explain what the certificate means. COCs are issued by the National Institutes of Health and other U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) agencies to help minimize risks to respondents by adding an additional level of protection for maintaining the confidentiality of private information.
Self-reports of criminal and delinquent activities may have limitations with regard to the ability to recall events, understand the questions, and tell the truth (e.g., exaggeration or concealment). These limitations have been documented by others (Chaiken & Chaiken, 1990; Elliott et al., 1989; Farrington et al., 1996; Hindelang et al., 1981) and should be evaluated by the investigator.
Availability
Protocol
This section deals with your own behavior. Remember that all your answers are confidential. Ill read a series of behaviors to you. Please give me your best estimate of the exact number of times youve done each thing during the last year.
| 1. How many times in the last year have you run away from home? __ __ __ |
| 2. How many times in the last year have you skipped (classes/school) without an excuse? __ __ __ |
| 3. How many times in the last year have you been suspended or sent home from school for bad behavior? __ __ __ |
| 4. How many times in the last year have you lied about your age to get into some place or to buy something (for example, lying about your age to get into a movie or to buy alcohol)? __ __ __ |
| 5. How many times in the last year have you cheated on school tests? __ __ __ |
| 6. How many times in the last year have you hitchhiked where it was illegal to do so? __ __ __ |
| 7. How many times in the last year have you carried a hidden weapon? __ __ __ |
| 8. How many times in the last year have you been loud, rowdy, or unruly in a public place so that people complained about it or you got in trouble? __ __ __ |
| 9. How many times in the last year have you begged for money or things from strangers? __ __ __ |
| 10. How many times in the last year have you made obscene telephone calls such as calling someone and saying dirty things? __ __ __ |
| 11. How many times in the last year have you been drunk in a public place? __ __ __ |
| 12. How many times in the last year have you purposely damaged or destroyed property that did not belong to you (for example, breaking, cutting, or marking up something)? __ __ __ |
| 13. How many times in the last year have you purposely set fire to a house, building, car, or other property or tried to do so? __ __ __ |
| 14. How many times in the last year have you broken city curfew laws (that is, been in a public place including out in the street without a parent or other adult during the curfew period such as from 10:30 p.m. to 5:00 a.m.)? __ __ __ |
| 15. How many times in the last year have you avoided paying for things such as movies, bus or subway rides, and food or computer services? __ __ __ |
| 16. How many times in the last year have you gone into or tried to go into a building to steal something? __ __ __ |
| 17. How many times in the last year have you stolen or tried to steal money or things worth $5 or less? __ __ __ |
| 18. How many times in the last year have you stolen or tried to steal money or things worth between $5 and $50? __ __ __ |
| 19. How many times in the last year have you stolen or tried to steal money or things worth more than $50 but less than $100? __ __ __ |
| 20. How many times in the last year have you stolen or tried to steal money or things worth $100 or more? __ __ __ |
| 21. How many times in the last year have you taken something from a store without paying for it (including events you have already told me about)? __ __ __ |
| 22. How many times in the last year have you snatched someones purse or wallet or picked someones pocket? __ __ __ |
| 23. How many times in the last year have you taken something from a car that did not belong to you? __ __ __ |
| 24. How many times in the last year have you knowingly bought, sold, or held stolen goods or tried to do any of these things? __ __ __ |
| 25. How many times in the last year have you gone joyriding (that is, taken a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle for a ride or drive without the owners permission)? __ __ __ |
| 26. How many times in the last year have you stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle? __ __ __ |
| 27. How many times in the last year have you used checks illegally or used a slug or fake money to pay for something (including intentional overdrafts)? __ __ __ |
| 28. How many times in the last year have you used or tried to use a credit or bank card without the owners permission? __ __ __ |
| 29. How many times in the last year have you tried to cheat someone by selling them something that was worthless or not what you said it was? __ __ __ |
| 30. How many times in the last year have you attacked someone with a weapon or with the idea of seriously hurting or killing them? __ __ __ |
| 31. How many times in the last year have you hit someone with the idea of hurting them (other than the events just mentioned)? __ __ __ |
| 32. How many times in the last year have you used a weapon, force, or strong-arm methods to get money or things from people? __ __ __ |
| 33. How many times in the last year have you thrown objects such as rocks or bottles at people (other than events you have already mentioned)? __ __ __ |
| 34. How many times in the last year have you been involved in gang fights? __ __ __ |
| 35. How many times in the last year have you been paid for having sexual relations with someone? __ __ __ |
| 36. How many times in the last year have you physically hurt or threatened to hurt someone to get them to have sex with you? __ __ __ |
| 37. How many times in the last year have you had or tried to have sexual relations with someone against their will (other than events you just mentioned)? __ __ __ |
| 38. How many times in the last year have you sold marijuana or hashish (pot, grass, hash)? __ __ __ |
| 39. How many times in the last year have you sold hard drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and LSD (total freq. of all hard drug sales, not limited to these three drugs)? __ __ __ |
| 40a. Have you done anything else in the past year that could have gotten you in trouble with the police? 1 [ ] yes 2 [ ] no
|
| 40b. You said that you had done other things that could have gotten you in trouble with the police. a. What kind of things did you do? b. How many times in the past year? 1. ____________________ __ __ __ 2. ____________________ __ __ __ 3. ____________________ __ __ __ 4. ____________________ __ __ __ 5. ____________________ __ __ __ |
Scoring:
Typically researchers use this information to capture which criminal and delinquent activities occurred and the prevalence during the last year.
Scoring can take the form of counting up the number of items endorsed or by calculating the sum of the item frequencies, where the nonendorsed items are scored "0". In addition, types of antisocial and criminal behaviors can be assessed (alcohol and drug use, minor delinquency, serious delinquency, violence, etc.). A Guttman scale may be used to classify the more serious or violent offenses (see Loeber et al., 1998). Researchers should consult with the original sources and later publications for examples of scoring techniques.
If a summary delinquency scale is being prepared the Psychosocial Working Group recommends that items that are not against the law be removed from the scale (e.g., skipped school, cheated on school tests, suspended for bad behavior). In addition, items that overlap, such as stealing something worth $5 to $50 and taking something from the store without paying (shoplifting) should not count as two endorsed items, only one.
Personnel and Training Required
The interviewer must be trained to conduct personal interviews with individuals from the general population. The interviewer must be trained and found to be competent (i.e., tested by an expert) at the completion of personal interviews. The interviewer should be trained to prompt respondents further if a "don’t know" response is provided.
Equipment Needs
These questions can be administered in a computerized or noncomputerized format (i.e., paper-and-pencil instrument). Computer software is necessary to develop computer-assisted instruments. A laptop computer/handheld computer will be needed to administer a computer-assisted questionnaire.
Requirements
| Requirement Category | Required |
|---|---|
| Major equipment | No |
| Specialized training | No |
| Specialized requirements for biospecimen collection | No |
| Average time of greater than 15 minutes in an unaffected individual | No |
Mode of Administration
Self-administered or interviewer-administered questionnaire
Lifestage
Adolescent
Participants
Ages 11-17 years
Selection Rationale
These questions have been used for the National Youth Survey (NYS), three large longitudinal surveys (Denver Youth Survey, Pittsburgh Youth Study, and Rochester Youth Development Study), and several other surveys in the past three decades. Self-reports of crime and delinquent activities have been proven to be an effective method of capturing this sensitive information.
Language
Chinese, English
Standards
| Standard | Name | ID | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) | Crime delinquency adolescent proto | 62939-4 | LOINC |
| Human Phenotype Ontology | Abnormal aggressive, impulsive or violent behavior | HP:0006919 | HPO |
| caDSR Form | PhenX PX181201 - Crime And Delinquency Adolescent Protocol | 6190171 | caDSR Form |
Derived Variables
None
Process and Review
Expert Review Panel 4 (ERP 4) reviewed the measures in the Neurology, Psychiatric, and Psychosocial domains.
Guidance from ERP 4 included the following:
· No changes
Protocol Name from Source
Huizinga, D., et al, Are there multiple paths to delinquency?, J CRIM LAW CRIM, 1991
Source
Huizinga, D., Esbensen, F., & Weiher, A. (1991). Are there multiple paths to delinquency? Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 82, 83-118.
General References
Chaiken, J. M., & Chaiken, M. R. (1990). Drugs and predatory crime. In M. Tonry & J. Q. Wilson (Eds.), Crime and justice, Vol. 13: Drugs and crime (pp. 203-239). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Menard, S. (1989). Multiple problem youth: Delinquency, substance use, and mental health problems. New York: Springer.
Farrington, D. P., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Lober, M., Van Kammen, W., & Schmidt, L. (1996). Self-reported delinquency and a combined delinquency seriousness scale based on boys, mothers, and teachers: Concurrent and predictive validity for African Americans and Caucasians. Criminology, 34, 501-525.
Huizinga, D., & Elliott, D. S. (1986). Re-assessing the reliability and validity of self-reported delinquency measures. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 2(4), 293-327.
Huizinga, D., & Esbensen, F. (1990). Scales and measures of the Denver Youth Survey, 1990. Boulder, CO: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.
Loeber, R., Farrington, D. P., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Van Kammen, W. B. (1998). Antisocial behavior and mental health problems: Explanatory factors in childhood and adolescence. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Moffitt, T. E. (2005). Genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behaviors: Evidence from behavioral-genetic research. Advances in Genetics, 55, 41-104.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health. (1976). National Youth Survey, Wave 1, 1976. Bethesda, MD: Author.
Protocol ID
181201
Variables
Export Variables| Variable Name | Variable ID | Variable Description | dbGaP Mapping | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PX181201_Attacked_Someone | ||||
| PX181201300000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Avoided_Paying | ||||
| PX181201150000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Bank_Cards | ||||
| PX181201280000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Begged_For_Money | ||||
| PX181201090000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Broken_City_Curfew_Laws | ||||
| PX181201140000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Carried_Hidden_Weapon | ||||
| PX181201070000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Cheated | ||||
| PX181201050000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Cheat_Someone | ||||
| PX181201290000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Destroyed_Property | ||||
| PX181201120000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Fake_Money | ||||
| PX181201270000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Forced_Sex | ||||
| PX181201360000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Gang_Fights | ||||
| PX181201340000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Hitchhiked | ||||
| PX181201060000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Hit_Someone | ||||
| PX181201310000 | How many times in the last year have you hit more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Joyriding | ||||
| PX181201250000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Lied_About_Age | ||||
| PX181201040000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Loud_Rowdy_Unruly | ||||
| PX181201080000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Obscene_Telephone_Calls | ||||
| PX181201100000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Other_Forced_Sex | ||||
| PX181201370000 | How many times in the last year have you had more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Paid_For_Sex | ||||
| PX181201350000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Publicly_Drunk | ||||
| PX181201110000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Run_Away_From_Home | ||||
| PX181201010000 | How many times in the last year have you run more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Set_Fire | ||||
| PX181201130000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Shoplift | ||||
| PX181201210000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Skipped_Classes_School | ||||
| PX181201020000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Sold_Hard_Drugs | ||||
| PX181201390000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Sold_Marijuana | ||||
| PX181201380000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Steal_100_Dollars | ||||
| PX181201190000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Steal_50_Dollars | ||||
| PX181201180000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Steal_5Dollars | ||||
| PX181201170000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Steal_Car | ||||
| PX181201260000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Steal_From_Building | ||||
| PX181201160000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Steal_From_Car | ||||
| PX181201230000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Steal_MoreThan_100_Dollars | ||||
| PX181201200000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Stolen_Goods | ||||
| PX181201240000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Stolen_Purse_Wallet | ||||
| PX181201220000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Strongarm_Money | ||||
| PX181201320000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Suspended_Sent_Home | ||||
| PX181201030000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Thrown_Objects | ||||
| PX181201330000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Trouble_With_Police | ||||
| PX181201400100 | Have you done anything else in the past year more | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Trouble_With_Police_Frequency_1 | ||||
| PX181201400202 | How many times in the past year? | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Trouble_With_Police_Frequency_2 | ||||
| PX181201400302 | How many times in the past year? | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Trouble_With_Police_Frequency_3 | ||||
| PX181201400402 | How many times in the past year? | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Trouble_With_Police_Frequency_4 | ||||
| PX181201400502 | How many times in the past year? | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Trouble_With_Police_Frequency_5 | ||||
| PX181201400602 | How many times in the past year? | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Trouble_With_Police_Specify_1 | ||||
| PX181201400201 | What kind of things did you do? | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Trouble_With_Police_Specify_2 | ||||
| PX181201400301 | What kind of things did you do? | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Trouble_With_Police_Specify_3 | ||||
| PX181201400401 | What kind of things did you do? | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Trouble_With_Police_Specify_4 | ||||
| PX181201400501 | What kind of things did you do? | N/A | ||
| PX181201_Trouble_With_Police_Specify_5 | ||||
| PX181201400601 | What kind of things did you do? | N/A | ||
Measure Name
Crime and Delinquency
Release Date
December 13, 2010
Definition
This measure is a series of questions used to assess criminal and delinquent behavior in the past year.
Purpose
Information about a person’s criminal and delinquent behaviors has been used in a number of studies to assess development, and more recent studies have looked at the ways in which certain genotypes interact with childhood adversities to predict violent and antisocial behaviors. In addition, delinquent behaviors make up an important part of the criteria for conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder diagnoses (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association) and include drug and alcohol problems associated with the illegal use of alcohol and drugs.
Keywords
Psychosocial, crime, delinquent, criminal, delinquency, behavior problems, conduct disorder, externalizing behavior
Measure Protocols
| Protocol ID | Protocol Name |
|---|---|
| 181201 | Crime and Delinquency - Adolescent |
| 181202 | Crime and Delinquency - Adult |
Publications
Petrican, R., et al. (2021) Pubertal timing and functional neurodevelopmental alterations independently mediate the effect of family conflict on adolescent psychopathology. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. 2021 December; 52: 101032. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101032