Protocol - Crime and Delinquency - Adult
- Disinhibiting Behaviors - Impulsivity - Adolescent and Adult
- Disinhibiting Behaviors - Impulsivity - Child
- Family Conflict - Intimate-Relationship
- Family Conflict - Parent-Child
Description
Using a list of 48 criminal and delinquent activities, the respondent indicates if he or she has engaged in each activity-and, if so, how many times in the past year.
Specific Instructions
Several of the activities are criminal in nature so it is essential that the interviewer explains that the answers are confidential. If the respondents are thought to be at high risk for involvement in serious delinquent or criminal activities, the researchers may want to obtain a Certificate of Confidentiality (COC). Once obtained, the researcher should inform the respondent that he/she has a COC and explain what the certificate means. COCs are issued by the National Institutes of Health and other U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) agencies to help minimize risks to respondents by adding an additional level of protection for maintaining the confidentiality of private information.
Self-reports of criminal and delinquent activities may have limitations with regard to the ability to recall events, understand the questions, and tell the truth (e.g., exaggeration or concealment). These limitations have been documented by others (Chaiken & Chaiken, 1990; Elliott et al., 1989; Farrington et al., 1996; Hindelang et al., 1981) and should be evaluated by the investigator.
Self-reported child physical abuse and sexual abuse may need to be reported to the authorities. Researchers should check their state regulations for these requirements prior to using the instrument in the field.
The complete protocol for the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study includes a separate section on partner violence; thus, questions 22 and 23 direct the respondent to exclude partners when answering these questions. Specific questions related to domestic violence can be found in the Family Conflict measure in the Toolkit.
Availability
Protocol
I am going to describe some behaviors to you. Try to recall how many times you have done this thing during the last year.
Coding:
"HOW MANY TIMES THIS YEAR….":
000 = respondent did not engage in behavior in the past year
001 – 700 = number of times
777 = dont know
999 = missing
1. How many times in the last year did you run away from your home and stay away overnight? (Number of times) __ __ __
2. How many times in the last year did you carry a hidden weapon? __ __ __
3. How many times in the last year were you loud, rowdy, or unruly in a public place so that people complained or you got into trouble? __ __ __
4. How many times in the last year did you purposely damage or destroy property that did not belong to you? __ __ __
5. How many times in the last year did you purposely set fire to a house, building, car, or other property or try to do so? __ __ __
6. How many times in the last year did you break into, or try to break into, a building to steal something? __ __ __
7. How many times in the last year did you steal, or try to steal, money or things worth $5 or less? __ __ __
8. How many times in the last year did you steal, or try to steal, money or things worth between $5 and $100? __ __ __
9. How many times in the last year did you steal, or try to steal, money or things worth between $100 and $500? __ __ __
10. How many times in the last year did you steal, or try to steal, money or things worth over $500? _ _ _
11. How many times in the last year have you taken something from a store without paying for it? (Including events you have already told me about) __ __ __
12. How many times in the last year have you snatched someones purse or wallet, or picked someones pocket? __ __ __
13. How many times in the last year have you taken something from a car that did not belong to you? __ __ __
14. How many times in the last year have you knowingly bought, sold, or held stolen goods, or tried to do any of these things? __ __ __
15. How many times in the last year have you "converted" a vehicle, that is, taken a motor vehicle, such as a car or motorcycle, for a ride or drive without the owners permission, when you didnt intend to keep or sell it? __ __ __
16. How many times in the last year have you stolen, or tried to steal, a motor vehicle, such as a car or motorcycle, to keep or sell? __ __ __
17. How many times in the last year have you used worthless checks or fake money to pay for something? __ __ __
18. How many times in the last year have you used, or tried to use, credit cards, bank cards, or checks without the owners permission? __ __ __
19. How many times in the last year have you tried to cheat someone by selling them something that was worthless, or not what you said it was? __ __ __
20. How many times in the last year have you been so angry with a child that you attacked them with a weapon, or with the idea of seriously hurting them? __ __ __
21. How many times in the last year have you been so angry with a child that you hit them? (Other than events you just told me about) __ __ __
22. How many times in the last year have you attacked an adult with a weapon or with the idea of seriously hurting or killing them? (Dont include partners.) __ __ __
23. How many times in the last year have you hit an adult with the idea of hurting them? (Dont include partners) __ __ __
24. How many times in the last year have you used a weapon, force, or strong arm methods to rob a person, shop, bank, or other business? __ __ __
25. How many times in the last year have you been involved in a gang fight? __ __ __
26. How many times in the last year did you commit a serious driving offense, such as driving while drunk, driving recklessly, or speeding 50 km/hr (30 mph) over the posted speed limit? (For example, 150 km/hr [90 mph] in a 100 km/hr [60 mph] zone)? __ __ __
27. How many times in the last year have you embezzled money: that means used money entrusted to your care for some purpose not intended? (examples: charity collections, office accounts) __ __ __
28. How many times in the last year have you lied about your age? __ __ __
29. How many times in the last year have you begged for money or things from strangers? __ __ __
30. How many times in the last year have you made obscene telephone calls, such as calling someone and saying rude things? __ __ __
31. How many times in the last year have you been drunk in a public place? __ __ __
32. How many times in the last year have you avoided paying for things such as movies, bus or subway rides, food, or computer services? __ __ __
33. How many times in the last year did you give false information on a tax form, an insurance claim, or an application for a loan or bank account? __ __ __
34. How many times in the last year did you use a false name or alias so you couldnt be identified? __ __ __
35. How many times in the last year did you move away from a flat or house without paying the final bills or rent? __ __ __
36. How many times in the last year have you made illegal copies of computer software or video films? __ __ __
37. How many times in the last year did you buy something on credit and then never made the payments? __ __ __
38. How many times in the last year did you interfere with the work of the law by trying to get away from police, by hiding someone that the police were looking for, or by telling a lie to a police officer or judge? __ __ __
39. How many times in the last year have you driven a vehicle when you did not have a drivers license or after your license had been suspended or disqualified? __ __ __
40. How many times in the last year have you sold marijuana or hashish? __ __ __
41. How many times in the last year have you sold hard drugs, such as heroin, cocaine, or LSD? _ _ _
42. How many times in the last year have you used marijuana? __ __ __
43. How many times in the last year have you used a harder drug, such as heroin, cocaine, or LSD? __ __ __
44. How many times in the last year have you paid someone to have sex with you? __ __ __
45. How many times in the last year have you been paid, or received other favors for having sex with someone? __ __ __
46. How many times in the last year did you threaten or hurt someone to get them to have sex with you? __ __ __
47. How many times in the last year have you contributed to the delinquency of a person under age 17? That is, you helped them to run away, gave them alcohol or drugs, or had sex with them. __ __ __
48. How many times in the last year have you failed to obey the courts? That is, failed to answer summons by bailiff; failed to show up for periodic detention; broke conditions of parole; failed to pay a fine; escaped or tried to escape prison or jail; or failed to pay child support? __ __ __
Scoring:
Typically researchers use this information to capture which criminal and delinquent activities occurred and the prevalence during the last year.
Scoring can take the form of counting up the number of items endorsed or by calculating the sum of the item frequencies, where the nonendorsed items are scored "0". In addition, types of antisocial and criminal behaviors can be assessed (alcohol and drug use, minor delinquency, serious delinquency, violence, etc.). A Guttman scale may be used to classify the more serious or violent offenses (see Loeber et al., 1998). Researchers should consult with the original sources and other publication for examples of scoring techniques.
If a summary delinquency scale is being prepared, the Psychosocial Working Group recommends that items that are not against the law be removed from the scale (e.g., ran away, lied about age [unless some illegal context is specified], provided false name or alias [unless some illegal context is specified]). In addition, items that overlap, such as stealing something worth $5 to $100 and taking something from the store without paying (shoplifting) should not count as two endorsed items, only one.
Personnel and Training Required
The interviewer must be trained to conduct personal interviews with individuals from the general population. The interviewer must be trained and found to be competent (i.e., tested by an expert) at the completion of personal interviews. The interviewer should be trained to prompt respondents further if a "don’t know" response is provided.
Equipment Needs
These questions can be administered in a computerized or noncomputerized format (i.e., paper-and-pencil instrument). Computer software is necessary to develop computer-assisted instruments. A laptop computer/handheld computer will be needed to administer a computer-assisted questionnaire.
Requirements
| Requirement Category | Required |
|---|---|
| Major equipment | No |
| Specialized training | No |
| Specialized requirements for biospecimen collection | No |
| Average time of greater than 15 minutes in an unaffected individual | No |
Mode of Administration
Self-administered or interviewer-administered questionnaire
Lifestage
Adult
Participants
Ages 26 years and older; however, the Psychosocial Working Group recommends this instrument for ages 18 and over.
Selection Rationale
These questions have been used in large surveys such as the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, the U.S. National Youth Survey, and multisite surveys (in Denver, CO, Pittsburgh, PA, and Rochester, NY) sponsored by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Language
Chinese, English
Standards
| Standard | Name | ID | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human Phenotype Ontology | Abnormal aggressive, impulsive or violent behavior | HP:0006919 | HPO |
| caDSR Form | PhenX PX181202 - Crime And Delinquency Adult Protocol | 6190853 | caDSR Form |
| Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) | PhenX - crime and delinquency - adult protocol 181202 | 62940-2 | LOINC |
Derived Variables
None
Process and Review
Expert Review Panel 4 (ERP 4) reviewed the measures in the Neurology, Psychiatric, and Psychosocial domains.
Guidance from ERP 4 included the following:
- No changes
Protocol Name from Source
Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit (DMHDRU), Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, 1993
Source
Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit. (DMHDRU). (1993). Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, 1993, Phase 26: Self-reported Delinquency Questionnaire. Dunedin, New Zealand: Author.
General References
Chaiken, J. M., & Chaiken, M. R. (1990). Drugs and predatory crime. In M. Tonry & J. Q. Wilson (Eds.), Crime and justice, Vol. 13: Drugs and crime (pp. 203-239). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Menard, S. (1989). Multiple problem youth: Delinquency, substance use, and mental health problems. New York: Springer.
Farrington, D. P., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Lober, M., Van Kammen, W., & Schmidt, L. (1996). Self-reported delinquency and a combined delinquency seriousness scale based on boys, mothers, and teachers: Concurrent and predictive validity for African Americans and Caucasians. Criminology, 34, 501-525.
Hindelang, M. J., Hirschi, T., & Weis, J. G. (1981). Measuring delinquency. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Huizinga, D., Esbensen, F., & Weiher, A. (1991). Are there multiple paths to delinquency? Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 82, 83-118.
Loeber, R., Farrington, D. P., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Van Kammen, W. B. (1998). Antisocial behavior and mental health problems: Explanatory factors in childhood and adolescence. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Protocol ID
181202
Variables
Export Variables| Variable Name | Variable ID | Variable Description | dbGaP Mapping | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PX181202_Attacked_Adult_With_Weapon | ||||
| PX181202220000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Attacked_Adult_With_Weapon_Coded | ||||
| PX181202220100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Attacked_Child | ||||
| PX181202200000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Attacked_Child_Coded | ||||
| PX181202200100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Attacked_Child_Other | ||||
| PX181202210000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Attacked_Child_Other_Coded | ||||
| PX181202210100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Avoided_Paying | ||||
| PX181202320000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Avoided_Paying_Coded | ||||
| PX181202320100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Been_Drunk_In_Public | ||||
| PX181202310000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Been_Drunk_In_Public_Coded | ||||
| PX181202310100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Begged_For_Money | ||||
| PX181202290000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Begged_For_Money_Coded | ||||
| PX181202290100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Broke_Into_Building | ||||
| PX181202060000 | How many times in the last year did you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Broke_Into_Building_Coded | ||||
| PX181202060100 | How many times in the last year did you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Carry_Hidden_Weapon | ||||
| PX181202020000 | How many times in the last year did you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Carry_Hidden_Weapon_Coded | ||||
| PX181202020100 | How many times in the last year did you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Contributed_To_Delinquency | ||||
| PX181202470000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Contributed_To_Delinquency_Coded | ||||
| PX181202470100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Converted_A_Vehicle | ||||
| PX181202150000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Converted_A_Vehicle_Coded | ||||
| PX181202150100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Credit_Or_Bank_Cards | ||||
| PX181202180000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Credit_Or_Bank_Cards_Coded | ||||
| PX181202180100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Damaged_Destroyed_Property | ||||
| PX181202040000 | How many times in the last year did you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Damaged_Destroyed_Property_Coded | ||||
| PX181202040100 | How many times in the last year did you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Embezzled_Money | ||||
| PX181202270000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Embezzled_Money_Coded | ||||
| PX181202270100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Failed_To_Obey_Courts | ||||
| PX181202480000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Failed_To_Obey_Courts_Coded | ||||
| PX181202480100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Force_Sex | ||||
| PX181202460000 | How many times in the last year did you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Force_Sex_Coded | ||||
| PX181202460100 | How many times in the last year did you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Gang_Fight | ||||
| PX181202250000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Gang_Fight_Coded | ||||
| PX181202250100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Gave_False_Information | ||||
| PX181202330000 | How many times in the last year did you give more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Gave_False_Information_Coded | ||||
| PX181202330100 | How many times in the last year did you give more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Hit_An_Adult | ||||
| PX181202230000 | How many times in the last year have you hit more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Hit_An_Adult_Coded | ||||
| PX181202230100 | How many times in the last year have you hit more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Interfered_With_Police | ||||
| PX181202380000 | How many times in the last year did you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Interfered_With_Police_Coded | ||||
| PX181202380100 | How many times in the last year did you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Lied_About_Your_Age | ||||
| PX181202280000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Lied_About_Your_Age_Coded | ||||
| PX181202280100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Loud_Rowdy_Unruly | ||||
| PX181202030000 | How many times in the last year were you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Loud_Rowdy_Unruly_Coded | ||||
| PX181202030100 | How many times in the last year were you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Made_Illegal_Copies | ||||
| PX181202360000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Made_Illegal_Copies_Coded | ||||
| PX181202360100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Made_Obscene_Telephone_Calls | ||||
| PX181202300000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Made_Obscene_Telephone_Calls_Coded | ||||
| PX181202300100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Moved_Without_Paying | ||||
| PX181202350000 | How many times in the last year did you move more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Moved_Without_Paying_Coded | ||||
| PX181202350100 | How many times in the last year did you move more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Never_Made_The_Payments | ||||
| PX181202370000 | How many times in the last year did you buy more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Never_Made_The_Payments_Coded | ||||
| PX181202370100 | How many times in the last year did you buy more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Paid_For_Having_Sex | ||||
| PX181202450000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Paid_For_Having_Sex_Coded | ||||
| PX181202450100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Paid_Someone_For_Sex | ||||
| PX181202440000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Paid_Someone_For_Sex_Coded | ||||
| PX181202440100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Purposely_Set_Fire | ||||
| PX181202050000 | How many times in the last year did you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Purposely_Set_Fire_Coded | ||||
| PX181202050100 | How many times in the last year did you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Run_Away_From_Home | ||||
| PX181202010000 | How many times in the last year did you run more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Run_Away_From_Home_Coded | ||||
| PX181202010100 | How many times in the last year did you run more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Serious_Driving_Offense | ||||
| PX181202260000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Serious_Driving_Offense_Coded | ||||
| PX181202260100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Shoplift | ||||
| PX181202110000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Shoplift_Coded | ||||
| PX181202110100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Snatched_Purse_Or_Wallet | ||||
| PX181202120000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Snatched_Purse_Or_Wallet_Coded | ||||
| PX181202120100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Sold_Hard_Drugs | ||||
| PX181202410000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Sold_Hard_Drugs_Coded | ||||
| PX181202410100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Sold_Marijuana_Or_Hashish | ||||
| PX181202400000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Sold_Marijuana_Or_Hashish_Coded | ||||
| PX181202400100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_StolenMotor_Vehicle | ||||
| PX181202160000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_StolenMotor_Vehicle_Coded | ||||
| PX181202160100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Stolen_$100_$500 | ||||
| PX181202090000 | How many times in the last year did you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Stolen_$100_$500_Coded | ||||
| PX181202090100 | How many times in the last year did you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Stolen_$5_$100 | ||||
| PX181202080000 | How many times in the last year did you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Stolen_$5_$100_Coded | ||||
| PX181202080100 | How many times in the last year did you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Stolen_$5_Or_Less | ||||
| PX181202070000 | How many times in the last year did you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Stolen_$5_Or_Less_Coded | ||||
| PX181202070100 | How many times in the last year did you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Stolen_Goods | ||||
| PX181202140000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Stolen_Goods_Coded | ||||
| PX181202140100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Stolen_Over_$500 | ||||
| PX181202100000 | How many times in the last year did you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Stolen_Over_$500_Coded | ||||
| PX181202100100 | How many times in the last year did you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Strong_Arm_Methods | ||||
| PX181202240000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Strong_Arm_Methods_Coded | ||||
| PX181202240100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Suspended_License | ||||
| PX181202390000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Suspended_License_Coded | ||||
| PX181202390100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Taken_From_Car | ||||
| PX181202130000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Taken_From_Car_Coded | ||||
| PX181202130100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Tried_To_Cheat_Someone | ||||
| PX181202190000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Tried_To_Cheat_Someone_Coded | ||||
| PX181202190100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Used_A_False_Name | ||||
| PX181202340000 | How many times in the last year did you use more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Used_A_False_Name_Coded | ||||
| PX181202340100 | How many times in the last year did you use more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Used_A_Harder_Drug | ||||
| PX181202430000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Used_A_Harder_Drug_Coded | ||||
| PX181202430100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Used_Marijuana | ||||
| PX181202420000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Used_Marijuana_Coded | ||||
| PX181202420100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Worthless_Checks | ||||
| PX181202170000 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
| PX181202_Worthless_Checks_Coded | ||||
| PX181202170100 | How many times in the last year have you more | N/A | ||
Measure Name
Crime and Delinquency
Release Date
December 13, 2010
Definition
This measure is a series of questions used to assess criminal and delinquent behavior in the past year.
Purpose
Information about a person’s criminal and delinquent behaviors has been used in a number of studies to assess development, and more recent studies have looked at the ways in which certain genotypes interact with childhood adversities to predict violent and antisocial behaviors. In addition, delinquent behaviors make up an important part of the criteria for conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder diagnoses (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association) and include drug and alcohol problems associated with the illegal use of alcohol and drugs.
Keywords
Psychosocial, crime, delinquent, criminal, delinquency, behavior problems, conduct disorder, externalizing behavior
Measure Protocols
| Protocol ID | Protocol Name |
|---|---|
| 181201 | Crime and Delinquency - Adolescent |
| 181202 | Crime and Delinquency - Adult |
Publications
Petrican, R., et al. (2021) Pubertal timing and functional neurodevelopmental alterations independently mediate the effect of family conflict on adolescent psychopathology. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. 2021 December; 52: 101032. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101032