Protocol - Neighborhood Safety
- Healthy Food Environments
- Neighborhood Collective Efficacy - Community Cohesion and Informal Social Control
Description
The Mujahid et al. (2007) protocol includes three interviewer-administered questions with five-point, Likert-style responses. For each question posed by the interviewer, the respondent reviews the list of responses and chooses the answer that best relates to his or her situation.
Specific Instructions
Although used in the context of a personal interview, the questions and response categories are straightforward and can be adapted to a self-administered format.
Availability
Protocol
Safety
1. I feel safe walking in my neighborhood, day or night.
1[ ]Strongly Agree
2[ ]Agree
3[ ]Neutral (neither agree nor disagree)
4[ ]Disagree
5[ ]Strongly Disagree
2. Violence is not a problem in my neighborhood.
1[ ]Strongly Agree
2[ ]Agree
3[ ]Neutral (neither agree nor disagree)
4[ ]Disagree
5[ ]Strongly Disagree
3. My neighborhood is safe from crime.
1[ ]Strongly Agree
2[ ]Agree
3[ ]Neutral (neither agree nor disagree)
4[ ]Disagree
5[ ]Strongly Disagree
Scoring Instructions
A total score can be obtained by computing the average of the three items. Lower scores indicate more neighborhood safety.
Personnel and Training Required
No specific training is needed if data are collected through a self-administered questionnaire. If interviewers administer the questionnaire, the interviewer must be trained to conduct personal interviews with individuals from the general population and found competent to administer these particular questions (i.e., tested by an expert) at the completion of this training. The interviewer should be trained to prompt respondents further if a "don’t know" response is provided.
Equipment Needs
These questions can be administered in a computerized or noncomputerized format (i.e., paper-and pencil instrument). Computer software is necessary to develop computer-assisted instruments. The interviewer will require a laptop computer or handheld computer to administer or to allow the respondent to self-administer a computer-assisted questionnaire.
Requirements
| Requirement Category | Required |
|---|---|
| Major equipment | No |
| Specialized training | No |
| Specialized requirements for biospecimen collection | No |
| Average time of greater than 15 minutes in an unaffected individual | No |
Mode of Administration
Interviewer-administered questionnaire
Lifestage
Adult
Participants
Adults, aged 18 years and older
Selection Rationale
The Mujahid et al. (2007) scale was selected for its brevity and because it taps into both feelings about safety and presence of crime. This scale has strong psychometric properties, and prior studies have shown that subjective measures of crime and disorder are correlated with their objective counterparts (Elo et al., 2009). Additionally, objective crime measures (e.g., geocoded police department records, national crime statistics at the neighborhood level) are not uniformly available across the United States.
Language
Chinese, English, Other languages available at source
Standards
| Standard | Name | ID | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) | Neighborhood safety proto | 63028-5 | LOINC |
| caDSR Form | PhenX PX210901 - Neighborhood Safety | 6197287 | caDSR Form |
Derived Variables
None
Process and Review
The Expert Review Panel #2 (ERP 2) reviewed the measures in the Demographics, Environmental Exposures, and Social Environments domains.
Guidance from ERP 2 includes:
• Revised descriptions of the measure
Back-compatible: no changes to Data Dictionary
Previous version in Toolkit archive (link)
Protocol Name from Source
Mujahid, M. S., et al, Assessing the measurement properties of neighborhood scales: From psychometrics to ecometrics. AM J EPIDEMIOL, 2007
Source
Mujahid, M. S., Diez Roux, A. V., Morenoff, J. D., & Raghunathan, T. (2007). Assessing the measurement properties of neighborhood scales: From psychometrics to ecometrics. American Journal of Epidemiology, 165, 858-867.
General References
Elo, I. T., Mykyta, L., Margolis, R., & Culhane, J. F. (2009). Perceptions of neighborhood disorder: The role of individual and neighborhood characteristics. Social Science Quarterly, 90, 1039-1422.
Morenoff, J. (2003). Neighborhood mechanisms and the spatial dynamics of birth weight. American Journal of Sociology, 108, 976-1017.
Protocol ID
210901
Variables
Export Variables| Variable Name | Variable ID | Variable Description | dbGaP Mapping | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PX210901_Feel_Safe_Walking_Neighborhood | ||||
| PX210901010000 | I feel safe walking in my neighborhood, day more | Variable Mapping | ||
| PX210901_Neighborhood_Safe_From_Crime | ||||
| PX210901030000 | My neighborhood is safe from crime. | Variable Mapping | ||
| PX210901_Neighborhood_Violence | ||||
| PX210901020000 | Violence is not a problem in my neighborhood. | Variable Mapping | ||
Measure Name
Neighborhood Safety
Release Date
October 8, 2010
Definition
This measure is a questionnaire to assess the respondent’s perceptions about safety and crime in their neighborhoods.
Purpose
This measure is used to evaluate a respondent’s feelings toward neighborhood-level crime and safety. Studies show that neighborhood safety is relevant to a range of health outcomes, such as birth weight (Morenoff, 2003).
Keywords
Social environments, neighborhood safety, violence, community
Measure Protocols
| Protocol ID | Protocol Name |
|---|---|
| 210901 | Neighborhood Safety |
Publications
Cioffredi, L. A., et al. (2024) Assessing prenatal and early childhood social and environmental determinants of health in the HEALthy Brain and Child Development Study (HBCD) Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. 2024 October; 69: 101429. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101429
Feraco, T. and Cona, G. (2024) Happy children! A network of psychological and environmental factors associated with the development of positive affect in 9-13 children PLoS One. 2024 September; 19(9): e0307560. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307560
McCurry, K., et al. (2024) Data-driven, generalizable prediction of adolescent sleep disturbances in the multisite Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. Sleep. 2024 June; 47(6). doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsae048
Saadi, A., et al. (2024) Examining the Association Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Lifetime History of Head or Neck Injury and Concussion in Children From the United States Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 2024 May; 39(3): E113-E121. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0000000000000883
Gonzalez, R., et al. (2021) An update on the assessment of culture and environment in the ABCD Study (R): Emerging literature and protocol updates over three measurement waves. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. 2021 December; 52: 101021. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101021
Wade, N. E., et al. (2021) Risk factors associated with curiosity about alcohol use in the ABCD cohort. Alcohol. 2021 May; 92: 11-19. doi: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2021.01.002
Moore, T. M., et al. (2020) Development of a scale battery for rapid assessment of risk and resilience. Psychiatry Research. 2020 June; 288: 10. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112996
Zhang, H., et al. (2020) Parental and social factors in relation to child psychopathology, behavior, and cognitive function. Translational Psychiatry. 2020 February; 10(1): Article number: 80. doi: 10.1038/s41398-020-0761-6
Zucker, R. A, et al. (2018) Assessment of culture and environment in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study: Rationale, description of measures, and early data. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2018 August; 32: 107-120. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.03.004
Ortiz, A. P., et al. (2015) Methods in HPV Surveillance: Experiences from a Population-Based Study of HPV Infection among Women in the San Juan Metropolitan Area of Puerto Rico. P R Health Sci J. 2015 September; 34(3): 117-27.