Protocol - Sodium
Description
Complete 24-hour urine sample is collected from the study participant in a sterile specimen container. Under- and over-collection can bias results. The specimen is transported to a laboratory on ice and frozen at -20°C or colder until analysis. Urinary sodium concentrations are determined by ion-selective electrode assays (ICEs), which have a between-assay coefficients of variation < 3%. Standard reference materials are available from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
Specific Instructions
There are no special fasting or dietary restrictions for the study participants.
Availability
Protocol
1. Specimen Collection, Storage, and Handling Procedures; Criteria for Specimen Rejection
A. Urine specimen should be collected in a urine specimen container that is sterile and prescreened for trace sodium contamination. Sodium is stable frozen indefinitely with multiple freeze-thaw cycles and for 45 days at room temperature. Bacterial growth must be avoided.
B. Ensuring 24-hour collection is essential. Sodium excretion varies during a 24-hour time period, so over-collection and under-collection must be avoided. Completeness of collection is assessed through self-reporting, total urine volume, normalization to urinary creatinine, or oral para-amino benzoic acid (PABA) administration and recovery. PABA can be administered prior to urine collection to ensure completeness of collection, as 93% of the dose is recovered in urine within 5 hours of administration. The use of PABA to assess completeness of the urine collection is not recommended for field studies. It requires that each participant take a PABA pill three days prior to the start of collection thereby increasing the risks of non‐compliance and attrition. In addition, laboratory facilities for the testing of PABA in the urine are limited and where they exist, will increase the costs of the study.
C. Sodium and potassium content in the urine may be determined through Ion Selective Electrode. Creatinine content may be determined through the Creatinine (urinary) Jaffe kinetic method.
D. Aside from sodium intake, urinary sodium excretion can be modified by potassium intake, physical activity, climate, chronic disease, hypertension, and renal function.
Personnel and Training Required
Must complete safety training seminars prior to performing any work in laboratory.
Equipment Needs
Highly specialized equipment is necessary to perform accurate sodium measurements.
Requirements
| Requirement Category | Required |
|---|---|
| Major equipment | No |
| Specialized training | Yes |
| Specialized requirements for biospecimen collection | No |
| Average time of greater than 15 minutes in an unaffected individual | No |
Mode of Administration
Bioassay
Lifestage
Infant, Toddler, Child, Adolescent, Adult, Senior, Pregnancy
Participants
Selection Rationale
24-hour urine sample collection are easy to collect and noninvasive but can be a burden for the participant. This assay is used to achieve rapid and accurate identification of sodium in a urine sample.
Language
English
Standards
| Standard | Name | ID | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human Phenotype Ontology | Abnormal urine sodium concentration | HP:0012603 | HPO |
| Human Phenotype Ontology | Hyponatriuria | HP:0012604 | HPO |
| Human Phenotype Ontology | Hypernatriuria | HP:0012605 | HPO |
| caDSR Form | PhenX PX051401 - Sodium | 5868704 | caDSR Form |
Derived Variables
None
Process and Review
The Expert Review Panel #1 reviewed the measures in the Anthropometrics, Diabetes, Physical Activity and Physical Fitness, and Nutrition and Dietary Supplements domains.
Guidance from the ERP includes:
• Added a new measure
- New Data Dictionary
Protocol Name from Source
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Regional Expert Group for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention through Population-wide Dietary Salt Reduction, (2010)
Source
Pfeiffer, C. M., Hughes, J. P., Cogswell, M. E., Burt, V. L., Lacher, D. A., Lavoie, D. J., . . . Pirkle, J. L. (2014). Urine sodium excretion increased slightly among U.S. adults between 1988 and 2010. Journal of Nutrition, 144, 698-705.
World Health Organization (WHO), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Regional Expert Group for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention through Population-wide Dietary Salt Reduction. (2010). Protocol for population level sodium determination in 24-hour urine samples. Washington, DC: Author. http://new.paho.org/hq/dmdocuments/2010/pahosaltprotocol.pdf
General References
Cogswell, M. E., Maalouf, J., Loria, C. M., Patel, S., & Bowman, B. A. (In press). Use of urine biomarkers to assess sodium intake-Challenges and opportunities. Annual Review of Nutrition.
Elliott, P., & Stamler, R. (1988). Manual of operations for "INTERSALT", an international cooperative study on the relation of sodium and potassium to blood pressure. Controlled Clinical Trials, 9, 1S-117S.
Rose, G., & Stamler, J. (1989). The INTERSALT study: background, methods and main results. INTERSALT Co-operative Research Group. Journal of Human Hypertension, 3, 283-288.
Stamler, J., Elliott, P., Dennis, B., Dyer, A. R., Kesteloot, H., et al. (2003). INTERMAP: background, aims, design, methods, and descriptive statistics (nondietary). Journal of Human Hypertension, 17, 591-608.
Wang, C. Y., Cogswell, M. E., Loria, C. M., Chen, T. C., Pfeiffer, C. M., et al. (2013). Urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, and chloride, but not iodine, varies by timing of collection in a 24-hour calibration study. Journal of Nutrition, 143, 1276-1282.
Protocol ID
51401
Variables
Export Variables| Variable Name | Variable ID | Variable Description | dbGaP Mapping | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PX051401_Sodium_Container | ||||
| PX051401010000 | Was the specimen collection container more | N/A | ||
| PX051401_Sodium_Urinary_Sodium_Concentration | ||||
| PX051401050000 | Urinary sodium Concentration from bioassay | Variable Mapping | ||
| PX051401_Sodium_UrineSpecimen_Age | ||||
| PX051401040000 | What is the creatinine content as determined more | N/A | ||
| PX051401_Sodium_UrineSpecimen_QualityControl | ||||
| PX051401020000 | Did the patient take a PABA pill at least more | N/A | ||
| PX051401_Sodium_UrineSpecimen_Storage | ||||
| PX051401030000 | What is the sodium and potassium content in more | N/A | ||
Measure Name
Sodium
Release Date
October 1, 2015
Definition
A bioassay to assess concentration (nanograms per milliliter) of urinary sodium.
Purpose
Sodium is an essential element for the regulation of blood volume and blood pressure. Excess sodium intake elevates blood pressure. High blood pressure is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Approximately 50% of daily sodium intake is excreted in the subsequent 18-31 hours.
Keywords
Nutrition and Dietary Supplements, WHO, PAHO
Measure Protocols
| Protocol ID | Protocol Name |
|---|---|
| 51401 | Sodium |
Publications
There are no publications listed for this protocol.