Protocol - Individual Pharmacokinetic Study Using Chromogenic Assay - Standard Half-life Factor IX Products

Description

This protocol provides instructions and guidance for collecting and processing samples for coagulation testing, performing an individual pharmacokinetic study using the chromogenic substrate assay, and interpreting pharmacokinetic results in response to factor infusion. Because there are many comparable assays for performing the chromogenic assay, the protocol also provides basic guidelines to aid comparability among different studies.

Specific Instructions

The PhenX Hemophilia Inhibitor Research Working Group (WG) notes that these measures are intended for use in observational and interventional trials but are not sufficient to define hemophilia phenotypes when used in isolation.

The WG recommends that when measuring inhibitor recovery in non-severe patients, endogenous factor should be measured by the same assay that was optimized prior to inhibitor development.

The WG recommends that Factor VIII and IX assays, either by one-stage clotting factor or chromogenic substrate methodology, should be performed by a laboratory that is College American Pathologists (CAP) accredited or Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1998 (CLIA) certified. For multi-center clinical trials, the use of a central laboratory is strongly encouraged.

The WG notes that in comparison to the one-stage clotting factor assay, the chromogenic substrate assay demonstrates less variation by reagents when testing different modified Factor IX products, thus enabling cross-laboratory comparisons.

The WG also notes that while the chromogenic substrate assay is routinely used for the determination of Factor IX activity in research studies, there are no U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved assays (as of August 2018).

If a washout is not performed, comparison of pharmacokinetic data between studies should be conducted under steady-state conditions. Steady-state is defined as a patient-specific condition during which a pharmacokinetic assessment remains valid over a clinically useful period of time. Examples of non-steady state conditions include:

Bleeding state
Peri- and immediate post-surgical states in which patients are receiving continuous or regular high (non-routine prophylactic) doses of FVIII
Immune tolerance induction during which inhibiter titers are in flux
Children in whom age- and weight-based clearance is still developing toward adult physiologic states.

Availability

Available

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Protocol

Standard Half-life Factor IX Products: Individual Pharmacokinetic Study Using Chromogenic Substrate Assay

Sample Collection

The PhenX Hemophilia Inhibitors Working Group (WG) recommends that investigators follow the sample collection procedures outlined in Lippi et al. (2012) to ensure quality specimens for coagulation testing. These recommendations include basic criteria for venipuncture (e.g., proper patient identification, use of correct techniques, appropriate devices and needles) as well as additional guidance for critical parameters which can affect the outcome of clot-based tests. These critical parameters include prevention of prolonged venous stasis, collection of nonhemolyzed samples, order of blood draw, and appropriate filling and mixing of collection tubes.

Additionally, the WG highlights that blood should be collected by direct venipuncture into 3.2% sodium citrate tubes and filled within 11% of fill line. A second tube should be collected. A discard tube should be drawn if using a winged butterfly collection system.

Sample Processing

The WG recommends that investigators follow the sample collection procedures outlined in Adcock Funk et al. (2012). The procedures include that:

unprocessed or processed sodium citrate samples remain capped and at room temperature until testing,
samples should not be refrigerated or stored on ice or in an ice bath,
samples should be transported vertically, and
samples should not be agitated during transportation to avoid remixing of components.

Additionally, samples can be transported and stored as:

unprocessed sodium citrate whole blood samples,
whole blood samples centrifuged and maintained in sodium citrate tubes, or
plasma processed by centrifugation and aliquoting into a second tube.

Ideally, whole blood samples should be processed to platelet poor plasma (PPP) within 1 hour of collection and assayed within 4 hours of collection.

If centrifuging samples, the centrifuge should be validated so that process results in less than 10,000 platelets/microliter. Centrifuged samples should be frozen immediately and can be stored at -20^o C for 2 weeks. Samples should be transferred to < -70^o C for longer storage, including shipment.

Standard Half-life Factor IX Products: Chromogenic Substrate Assay

The WG notes that there are a number of different assays and instruments that are appropriate to perform the chromogenic substrate assay. Once an assay is chosen for a particular study, the WG recommends that no changes in the protocol be made over the course of the study. Because results can vary with the instrumentation and reagents, the WG recommends that the investigator record the make and manufacturer of equipment, the repeatability and coefficients of variation for the assay, and the reagents used.

Standard Half-life Factor IX Products: Individual Pharmacokinetic Study

The WG recommends that the pharmacokinetic evaluations using the chromogenic substrate assay be performed according to the parameters outlined by Subcommittee on Factor VIII and Factor IX of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (Lee et al., 2001). This includes infusing a 100% correction dose of Factor IX concentrate after a treatment-free washout period lasting longer than 5 half-lives. Factor IX activity is then tested at 10 timepoints:

before infusion (baseline),
10-15 minutes after infusion,
30 minutes after infusion,
1 hour after infusion,
3 hours after infusion,
6 hours after infusion,
9 hours after infusion,
24 hours after infusion,
48 hours after infusion, and
50 hours after infusion.

A sample taken at 72 hours after infusion is optional if the patient received > 75 u/kg of standard half-life Factor IX product.

Standard Half-life Factor IX Products: Interpretation of Individual Pharmacokinetic Study Results

The half-life of Factor IX therapies is highly variable (see [Iorio, 2017]) and the level at which an inhibitor is suggested has not been established.

Personnel and Training Required

Phlebotomist

Equipment Needs

Laboratory with the ability to perform the chromogenic substrate assay.

Requirements

Requirement Category	Required
Major equipment	No
Specialized training	No
Specialized requirements for biospecimen collection	Yes
Average time of greater than 15 minutes in an unaffected individual	Yes

Mode of Administration

Bioassay

Lifestage

Toddler, Child, Adolescent, Adult

Participants

Any age

Selection Rationale

The PhenX Hemophilia Inhibitors Working Group selected the recommendations from Lippi et al. (2012) and Adcock Funk et al. (2012) as the best standardized methodology for collecting and processing samples for coagulation testing. The International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (Lee et al., 2001) provides standard timepoints for consistent implementation of a pharmacokinetic study.

Language

English

Standards

Standard	Name	ID	Source

Derived Variables

The results of this protocol can be combined with the results of Determination of Factor IX Inhibitors: Bethesda Assay with Nijmegen Modification Using Chromogenic Substrate Assay or Determination of Factor IX Inhibitors: Bethesda Assay with or without Nijmegen Modification Using One-Stage Clotting Factor Assay to document:

Presence of an Inhibitor

The presence of an inhibitor is indicated by one or more of the following:

lack of clinical response (cessation of bleeding) to Factor IX infusion for treatment of bleeding,
less than expected (< 66%) recovery of Factor IX levels immediately after infusion (Response to Factor IX Infusion - Individual Pharmacokinetic Study) and positive inhibitor titer (Quantitative Measure of Factor IX Inhibitor Activity) in routine surveillance.

Evolution of an Inhibitor

Inhibitor evolution is indicated by:

change in inhibitor titer over time (Quantitative Measure of Factor IX Inhibitor Activity), with or without immune tolerance induction,
change in clinical response (i.e., bleeding) to Factor IX infusion,
change in Factor IX activity after factor infusion (Response to Factor IX Infusion - Individual Pharmacokinetic Study),
change in Factor IX half-life.

Resolution of an Inhibitor

Inhibitor resolution is indicated by the following:

for patients receiving immune tolerance therapy for eradication of Factor IX inhibitor, success is defined as a negative inhibitor titer (Quantitative Measure of Factor IX Inhibitor Activity), normal recovery (>= 66% of expected), and normal half-life of infused Factor IX concentrate (Response to Factor IX Infusion - Individual Pharmacokinetic Study).

Persistence of an Inhibitor

A persistent inhibitor is indicated by a decrease response to Factor IX concentrate infusion (Response to Factor IX Infusion - Individual Pharmacokinetic Study) measured by recovery and/or half-life with or without a persistently positive inhibitor titer (Quantitative Measure of Factor IX Inhibitor Activity).

Blanchette, V. S., Key, N. S., Ljung, L. R., Manco-Johnson, M. J., van den Berg, H. M., & Srivastava, A.; Subcommittee on Factor VIII, Factor IX and Rare Coagulation Disorders of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis. (2014). Definitions in hemophilia: Communication from the SSC of the ISTH. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 12(11), 1935-1939.

Process and Review

Not applicable.

Protocol Name from Source

N/A; see source

Source

Adcock Funk, D. M., Lippi, G., & Favaloro, E. J. (2012). Quality standards for sample processing, transportation, and storage in hemostasis testing. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, 38(6), 576-585.

Lee, M., Morfini, M., Schulman, S., & Ingerslev, J.; Factor VIII/Factor IX Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society for Thrombosis and Haemostasis (2001). Scientific and standardization committee communication. The design and analysis of pharmacokinetic studies of coagulation factors. https://www.isth.org/members/group_content_view.asp?group=100348&id=159244. Retrieved August 30, 2018.

Lippi, G., Salvagno, G. L., Montagnana, M., Lima-Oliveira, G., Guidi, G. C., & Favaloro, E. J. (2012). Quality standards for sample collection in coagulation testing. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, 38(6), 565-575.

General References

Hay, C. R., & DiMichele, D. M.; International Immune Tolerance Study. (2012). The principal results of the International Immune Tolerance Study: A randomized dose comparison. Blood, 119(6), 1335-1344.

Iorio, A., Edginton, A.N., Blanchette, V., Blatny, J., Boban, A., Cnossen, M., Collins, P., Croteau, S.E., Fischer, K., Hart, D.P., Ito, S., Korth-Bradley, J., Lethagen, S., Lillicrap, D., Makris, M., Matht, R., Morfini, M., Neufeld, E.J., Spears, J. (2018). Performing and interpreting individual pharmacokinetic profiles in patients with Hemophilia A or B: Rationale and general considerations. Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 2(3), 535-548.

Iorio, A. (2017). Using pharmacokinetics to individualize hemophilia therapy. Hematology, (1), 595-604.

Kitchen, S., Kershaw, G., & Tiefenbacher, S. (2016). Recombinant to modified factor VIII and factor IX Chromogenic and one-stage assays issues. Haemophilia, 22(Suppl. 5), 72-77.

Morfini, M., Lee, M., Messori, A. and the Factor VIII/Factor IX Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society for Thrombosis and Haemostasis. (1991). The design and analysis of half-life and recovery studies for factor VIII and factor IX. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 66(3), 384-386.

Peyvandi, F., Oldenburg, J., & Friedman, K. D. (2006). A critical appraisal of one-stage and chromogenic assays of factor VIII activity. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 14(2), 248-261.

Protocol ID

910903

Variables

Export Variables

Variable Name	Variable ID	Variable Description	dbGaP Mapping
PX910903_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Chromogenic_Substrate_Assay
	PX910903030000	Were assays and instruments appropriate to more perform the chromogenic substrate assay chosen? show less	N/A
PX910903_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Individual_Pharmacokinetic_After_Infusion_Hours_1
	PX910903040500	Was Factor IX activity tested 1 hour after more infusion? show less	N/A
PX910903_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Individual_Pharmacokinetic_After_Infusion_Hours_24
	PX910903040900	Was Factor IX activity tested 24 hours after more infusion? show less	N/A
PX910903_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Individual_Pharmacokinetic_After_Infusion_Hours_3
	PX910903040600	Was Factor IX activity tested 3 hours after more infusion? show less	N/A
PX910903_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Individual_Pharmacokinetic_After_Infusion_Hours_48
	PX910903041000	Was Factor IX activity tested 48 hours after more infusion? show less	N/A
PX910903_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Individual_Pharmacokinetic_After_Infusion_Hours_50
	PX910903041100	Was Factor IX activity tested 50 hours after more infusion? show less	N/A
PX910903_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Individual_Pharmacokinetic_After_Infusion_Hours_6
	PX910903040700	Was Factor IX activity tested 6 hours after more infusion? show less	N/A
PX910903_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Individual_Pharmacokinetic_After_Infusion_Hours_9
	PX910903040800	Was Factor IX activity tested 9 hours after more infusion? show less	N/A
PX910903_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Individual_Pharmacokinetic_After_Infusion_Minutes_10
	PX910903040300	Was Factor IX activity tested 10-15 minutes more after infusion? show less	N/A
PX910903_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Individual_Pharmacokinetic_After_Infusion_Minutes_30
	PX910903040400	Was Factor IX activity tested 30 minutes more after infusion? show less	N/A
PX910903_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Individual_Pharmacokinetic_Before_Infusion_Baseline
	PX910903040200	Was Factor IX activity tested before more infusion (baseline)? show less	N/A
PX910903_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Individual_Pharmacokinetic_Study
	PX910903040100	Were pharmacokinetic evaluations using the more chromogenic substrate assay be performed according to the parameters outlined by Subcommittee on Factor VIII and Factor IX of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thro show less	N/A
PX910903_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Interpretation_Individual_Pharmacokinetic_Results
	PX910903050000	Were results interpreted according to? The more half-life of Factor IX therapies is highly variable (see [Iorio, 2017]) and the level at which an inhibitor is suggested has not been established. show less	N/A
PX910903_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Sample_Collection
	PX910903010100	Were the sample collection procedures more outlined in Lippi et al. (2012) to ensure quality specimens for coagulation testing followed? show less	N/A
PX910903_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Sample_Processing
	PX910903020100	Were the sample collection procedures more outlined in Adcock Funk et al. (2012) followed? show less	N/A
PX910903_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Sample_Processing_Capped_Room_Temp
	PX910903020200	Did unprocessed or processed sodium citrate more samples remain capped and at room temperature until testing? show less	N/A
PX910903_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Sample_Processing_Not_Agitated
	PX910903020500	Were samples not agitated during more transportation to avoid remixing of components? show less	N/A
PX910903_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Sample_Processing_Not_Refrigerated_Stored
	PX910903020300	Were samples not refrigerated or stored on more ice or in an ice bath? show less	N/A
PX910903_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Sample_Processing_Not_Transported_Vertically
	PX910903020400	Were samples not transported vertically?	N/A
PX910903_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Sample_Processing_Plasma_Processed_Centrifugation
	PX910903020900	Were samples transported and stored as more plasma processed by centrifugation and aliquoting into a second tube? show less	N/A
PX910903_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Sample_Processing_Transported_Stored
	PX910903020600	Were procedures for samples transportation more and storage followed? show less	N/A
PX910903_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Sample_Processing_Unprocessed_Sodium_Citrate
	PX910903020700	Were samples transported and stored as more unprocessed sodium citrate whole blood samples? show less	N/A
PX910903_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Sample_Processing_Whole_Blood_Centrifuged
	PX910903020800	Were samples transported and stored as whole more blood samples centrifuged and maintained in sodium citrate tubes? show less	N/A
PX910904_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Centrifuge_Validated
	PX910903020903	Was the centrifuge validated so that process more results in less than 10,000 platelets/microliter? show less	N/A
PX910904_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Discard_Tube
	PX910903010201	Was a discard tube drawn?	N/A
PX910904_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Frozen_Immediately
	PX910903020904	Were centrifuged samples frozen immedietely more and stored at -20C for 2 weeks? show less	N/A
PX910904_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Transferred_Storage
	PX910903020905	Were samples transferred to <-70C for longer more storage, including shipment? show less	N/A
PX910904_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Whole_Blood_Assayed
	PX910903020902	Were samples assayed within 4 hours of collection?	N/A
PX910904_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Whole_Blood_PPP
	PX910903020901	Were whole blood samples processed to more platelet poor plasma (PPP) within 1 hour of collection? show less	N/A
PX910904_Factor_Nine_Individual_Standard_Winged_Butterfly
	PX910903010200	Was a winged butterfly collection system used?	N/A

Hemophilia Inhibitor

Measure Name

Response to Factor IX Infusion - Individual Pharmacokinetic Study

Release Date

May 7, 2019

Definition

A series of plasma Factor IX activity determinations in blood samples are obtained immediately prior to, and at timepoints after, infusion of FIX concentrate.

Purpose

The results of an individual pharmacokinetic study (i.e., initial recovery and half-life) of infused Factor IX concentrate can characterize an individual?s response to a new drug or can confirm the success of immune tolerance induction (ITI).

Keywords

Hemophilia inhibitors, Factor IX, FIX, hemophilia B, inhibitors, pharmacokinetic study, immune tolerance induction, prophylaxis, half-life, recovery

Measure Protocols

Protocol ID	Protocol Name
910901	Individual Pharmacokinetic Study using One-stage Clotting Factor Assay - Standard Half-life Factor IX Products
910902	Individual Pharmacokinetic Study using One-stage Clotting Factor Assay - Extended Half-life Factor IX Products
910903	Individual Pharmacokinetic Study Using Chromogenic Assay - Standard Half-life Factor IX Products
910904	Individual Pharmacokinetic Study Using Chromogenic Assay - Extended Half-life Factor IX Products

Publications

There are no publications listed for this protocol.