Protocol - Percent Energy from Fat

Description

These self-administered questions for adults can be used to inquire about the frequency of an individual’s consumption of foods predictive of percentage energy from fat. There are eight response categories, ranging from "Never" to "2 or More Times per Day," arrayed on the response card for the respondent to use in assessing food patterns.

Specific Instructions

None

Availability

Available

Download PDF

Protocol

1. Think about your eating habits over the past 12 months. About how often did you eat or drink each of the following foods? Remember breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks, and eating out. Choose only one answer for each food.

TYPE OF FOOD	Never	Less than Once Per Month	1-3 Times Per Month	1-2 Times Per Week	3-4 Times Per Week	5-6 Times Per Week	1 Time Per Day	2 or More Times Per Day
Cold cereal	О	О	О	О	О	О	О	О
Skim milk, on cereal or to drink	О	О	О	О	О	О	О	О
Eggs, fried or scrambled in margarine, butter, or oil	О	О	О	О	О	О	О	О
Sausage or bacon, regular-fat	О	О	О	О	О	О	О	О
Margarine or butter on bread, rolls, pancakes	О	О	О	О	О	О	О	О
Orange juice or grapefruit juice	О	О	О	О	О	О	О	О
Fruit (not juices)	О	О	О	О	О	О	О	О
Beef or pork hot dogs, regular-fat	О	О	О	О	О	О	О	О
Cheese or cheese spread, regular-fat	О	О	О	О	О	О	О	О
French fries, home fries, or hash brown potatoes	О	О	О	О	О	О	О	О
Margarine or butter on vegetables, including potatoes	О	О	О	О	О	О	О	О
Mayonnaise, regular-fat	О	О	О	О	О	О	О	О
Salad dressings, regular-fat	О	О	О	О	О	О	О	О
Rice	О	О	О	О	О	О	О	О
Margarine, butter, or oil on rice or pasta	О	О	О	О	О	О	О	О

2. Over the past 12 months, when you prepared foods with margarine or ate margarine, how often did you use reduced-fat margarine?

О	О	О	О	О	О
DIDN’T USE MARGARINE	Almost never	About 1/4 of the time	About 1/2 of the time	About 3/4 of the time	Almost always or always

3. Overall, when you think about the foods you ate over the past 12 months, would you say your diet was high, medium, or low in fat?

О	О	О
High	Medium	Low

Scoring Procedures The following procedures are used to convert an individual’s responses to an estimate of that individual’s percentage energy from fat:

1. The frequency reported categorically on the questionnaire is converted to the number of times consumed per day as shown below. In general, the midpoint of the frequency range was used.

Frequency Response	Times Per Day
Never	0.0
Less than once a month	0.018
1-3 times per month	0.066
1-2 times per week	0.214
3-4 times per week	0.499
5-6 times per week	0.784
1 time per day	1.0
2 or more times per day	2.0

2. The age- and gender-specific portion sizes for each food (see below) are multiplied by the frequency calculated in Step 1. These portion sizes were estimated from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) 1994-96.

Median Serving Sizes (g)
Age	Skim Milk	Bacon	Cold Cereal	Fruit	Mayo	Dressing
Males
18-27	366.666667	25.000000	74.666667	131.750000	13.750000	36.720000
28-37	250.000000	40.250000	61.500000	128.000000	13.750000	44.060000
38-47	250.000000	32.000000	57.500000	123.200000	13.750000	31.250000
48-57	245.000000	32.000000	56.000000	127.500000	13.750000	31.250000
58-67	214.375000	27.000000	46.000000	122.000000	9.150000	29.400000
68-77	198.937500	26.000000	39.000000	118.000000	13.750000	29.400000
78+	160.725000	24.000000	33.000000	114.250000	4.580000	29.380000
Females
18-27	245.000000	26.000000	50.000000	118.000000	13.750000	30.630000
28-37	245.000000	25.000000	49.500000	118.000000	6.880000	29.400000
38-47	244.800000	24.000000	44.000000	118.000000	9.170000	29.400000
48-57	229.690000	24.000000	43.500000	118.000000	9.183333	29.400000
58-67	196.000000	18.000000	33.000000	118.000000	6.110000	29.380000
68-77	183.750000	19.500000	33.000000	112.427143	10.310000	29.380000
78+	183.750000	16.000000	33.500000	109.000000	4.580000	22.030000

Median Serving Sizes (g)
Age	Eggs	Fruit Juice	Hot Dogs	Cheese	French Fries	Margarine	Rice
Males
18-27	92.000000	373.200000	114.000000	33.360000	112.500000	9.540000	213.625000
28-37	92.000000	311.000000	85.500000	28.350000	114.000000	9.540000	195.000000
38-47	92.000000	249.000000	88.000000	28.350000	100.000000	9.460000	166.000000
48-57	92.000000	249.000000	114.000000	28.350000	100.000000	9.200000	165.000000
58-67	92.000000	248.000000	57.000000	28.350000	85.500000	7.883333	165.000000
68-77	80.000000	186.750000	57.000000	24.000000	85.500000	7.100000	158.000000
78+	80.000000	186.750000	57.000000	22.880000	97.000000	7.000000	158.000000
Females
18-27	80.000000	249.000000	57.000000	26.175000	79.500000	7.000000	158.000000
28-37	80.000000	248.800000	57.000000	21.000000	70.000000	6.290000	158.000000
38-47	69.000000	248.800000	57.000000	22.500000	70.000000	5.925000	158.000000
48-57	80.000000	217.875000	114.000000	22.063333	70.000000	7.095000	155.000000
58-67	68.000000	186.750000	57.000000	24.000000	66.000000	5.296667	122.250000
68-77	56.000000	186.600000	57.000000	21.000000	70.000000	5.320000	158.000000
78+	46.000000	186.750000	57.000000	25.800000	64.000000	4.865000	83.000000

3. The proportion of the margarine and butter added to foods that was regular fat is estimated. First, the frequency of the margarine and butter added is calculated. This is the sum of the frequencies for the three questions in question 1 for margarine and butter added to food (on bread, rolls, pancakes; vegetables including potatoes; and rice or pasta). totfat = sum (marg on bread, marg on veg, marg on rice) Then the information in the instrument’s second question, "how often was reduced-fat margarine used?" was applied, using the following equivalents.

Response to Question 2	Value of Regfat
Didn’t use or almost never	totfat
About 1/4 of the time	totfat*0.75
About 1/2 of the time	totfat*0.50
About 3/4 of the time	totfat*0.25
Almost always or always	0

4. The individual’s percentage energy from fat is estimated by applying regression coefficients to each food item (below):

Estimated Regression Coefficients for Foods as Predictors of Percentage Energy from Fat, by Gender
Parameter	Male	Female
Intercept (b₀)	30.795765	29.865870
Cold Cereals (b₁)	-0.022086	-0.045171
Skim Milk (b₂)	-0.009666	-0.010393
Eggs (b₃)	0.026997	0.036787
Bacon or Sausage (b₄)	0.109569	0.198808
100% Fruit Juice (b₅)	-0.004946	-0.010141
Fruit (b₆)	-0.009346	-0.012103
Hot Dogs (b₇)	0.040118	0.106686
Cheese (b₈)	0.069945	0.103239
Fried Potatoes (b₉)	0.024262	0.040374
Regular Mayonnaise (b₁₀)	0.145026	0.287044
Regular Salad Dressing (b₁₁)	0.114649	0.182758
Rice (b₁₂)	-0.017017	-0.014224
Regular Fat (b₁₃)	0.167937	0.326702

5. The following equation is used to estimate percentage energy from fat, for each gender: estpcalfat = intercept + b₁ (daily frequency times Gender/Age Specific Portion Size per Mention for cold cereals) + b₂ (daily frequency times Gender/Age Specific Portion Size per Mention for skim milk) + ... + b₁₃ (daily frequency times Gender/Age Specific Portion Size per Mention for regular fat) Please note that a SAS Program to calculate Percentage Energy from Fat is available here: link[www.phenxtoolkit.org/domains/view/50000#tab4content|Nutrition and Dietary Supplements - Additional Information]].

Personnel and Training Required

None

Equipment Needs

None

Requirements

Requirement Category	Required
Major equipment	No
Specialized training	No
Specialized requirements for biospecimen collection	No
Average time of greater than 15 minutes in an unaffected individual	No

Mode of Administration

Self-administered questionnaire

Lifestage

Adult, Senior

Participants

Ages 18 years and older

Selection Rationale

This instrument was selected because it has been validated and has low burden.

Language

Chinese, English

Standards

Standard	Name	ID	Source
Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC)	PhenX - energy from fat protocol	62285-2	LOINC
caDSR Form	PhenX PX050801 - Percent Energy From Fat	5850091	caDSR Form

Derived Variables

None

Process and Review

The Expert Review Panel #1 reviewed the measures in the Anthropometrics, Diabetes, Physical Activity and Physical Fitness, and Nutrition and Dietary Supplements domains.

Guidance from the ERP includes:

• No significant changes to measure

Back-compatible: no changes to Data Dictionary

Previous version in Toolkit archive (link)

Protocol Name from Source

National Cancer Institute (NCI), Percentage energy from fat short instrument (PFat), 1996

Source

National Cancer Institute. (1996). Percentage energy from fat short instrument (PFat). Retrieved from http://appliedresearch.cancer.gov/diet/screeners/fat/

General References

Caldwell, K., Jones, R., & Hollowell, J. (2005). Urinary iodine concentration: United States NHANES 2001-2002. Thyroid, 15(7), 687-693.

Hollowell, J. G., Staehling, N. W., Hannon, W. H., Flanders, D. W., Gunter, E. W., Maberly, G. F., . . . Jackson, R. J. (1998). Iodine nutrition in the United States. Trends and public health implications: Iodine excretion data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and III (1971-1974 and 1988-1994). Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 83(10), 3401-3408.

National Institutes of Health (NIH), Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Dietary supplement fact sheet: Iodine. Bethesda, MD: Author.

Protocol ID

50801

Variables

Export Variables

Variable Name	Variable ID	Variable Description	dbGaP Mapping
PX050801_Butter_On_Bread_Frequency
	PX050801010500	Think about your eating habits over the past more 12 months. About how often did you eat Margarine or butter on bread, rolls, pancakes? Remember breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks, and eating out. Choose only one answer. show less	Variable Mapping
PX050801_Butter_On_Rice_Frequency
	PX050801011500	Think about your eating habits over the past more 12 months. About how often did you eat Margarine, butter, or oil on rice or pasta? Remember breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks, and eating out. Choose only one answer. show less	N/A
PX050801_Butter_On_Vegetable_Frequency
	PX050801011100	Think about your eating habits over the past more 12 months. About how often did you eat Margarine or butter on vegetables, including potatoes? Remember breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks, and eating out. Choose only one answer. show less	N/A
PX050801_Cereal_Frequency
	PX050801010100	Think about your eating habits over the past more 12 months. About how often did you eat Cold cereal? Remember breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks, and eating out. Choose only one answer. show less	Variable Mapping
PX050801_Cheese_Frequency
	PX050801010900	Think about your eating habits over the past more 12 months. About how often did you eat Cheese or cheese spread, regular-fat? Remember breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks, and eating out. Choose only one answer. show less	N/A
PX050801_Diet_In_Fat
	PX050801030000	Overall, when you think about the foods you more ate over the past 12 months, would you say your diet was high, medium, or low in fat? show less	N/A
PX050801_Egg_Frequency
	PX050801010300	Think about your eating habits over the past more 12 months. About how often did you eat Eggs, fried or scrambled in margarine, butter, or oil? Remember breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks, and eating out. Choose only one answer. show less	N/A
PX050801_French_Fries_Frequency
	PX050801011000	Think about your eating habits over the past more 12 months. About how often did you eat French fries, home fries, or hash brown potatoes? Remember breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks, and eating out. Choose only one answer. show less	N/A
PX050801_Fruit_Frequency
	PX050801010700	Think about your eating habits over the past more 12 months. About how often did you eat Fruit (not juices)? Remember breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks, and eating out. Choose only one answer. show less	N/A
PX050801_Hot_Dog_Frequency
	PX050801010800	Think about your eating habits over the past more 12 months. About how often did you eat Beef or pork hot dogs, regular-fat? Remember breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks, and eating out. Choose only one answer. show less	N/A
PX050801_Mayonnaise_Frequency
	PX050801011200	Think about your eating habits over the past more 12 months. About how often did you eat Mayonnaise, regular-fat? Remember breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks, and eating out. Choose only one answer. show less	N/A
PX050801_Orange_Juice_Frequency
	PX050801010600	Think about your eating habits over the past more 12 months. About how often did you drink Orange juice or grapefruit juice? Remember breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks, and eating out. Choose only one answer. show less	Variable Mapping
PX050801_Reduced_Fat_Margarine_Frequency
	PX050801020000	Over the past 12 months, when you prepared more foods with margarine or ate margarine, how often did you use reduced-fat margarine? show less	N/A
PX050801_Rice_Frequency
	PX050801011400	Think about your eating habits over the past more 12 months. About how often did you eat Rice? Remember breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks, and eating out. Choose only one answer. show less	Variable Mapping
PX050801_Salad_Dressing_Frequency
	PX050801011300	Think about your eating habits over the past more 12 months. About how often did you eat Salad dressings, regular-fat? Remember breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks, and eating out. Choose only one answer. show less	N/A
PX050801_Sausage_Bacon_Frequency
	PX050801010400	Think about your eating habits over the past more 12 months. About how often did you eat Sausage or bacon, regular-fat? Remember breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks, and eating out. Choose only one answer. show less	N/A
PX050801_Skim_Milk_Frequency
	PX050801010200	Think about your eating habits over the past more 12 months. About how often did you drink Skim milk, on cereal or to drink? Remember breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks, and eating out. Choose only one answer. show less	Variable Mapping

Nutrition and Dietary Supplements

Measure Name

Percent Energy from Fat

Release Date

October 30, 2009

Definition

A measure to estimate an individual’s usual intake of percentage energy from fat.

Purpose

Fat is an essential nutrient for health. In addition to supplying energy, fat contains essential fatty acids and carries some fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoids into the blood stream. Percentage of energy from fat, especially saturated fat, has been associated in some studies with increased coronary heart disease (CHD), obesity and certain types of cancer.

Keywords

Nutrition and Dietary Supplements, obesity, PFat

Measure Protocols

Protocol ID	Protocol Name
50801	Percent Energy from Fat

Publications

Barbirou, M., et al. (2020) Western influenced lifestyle and Kv2.1 association as predicted biomarkers for Tunisian colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer. 2020 November; 20: Article Number: 1086. doi: 10.1186/s12885-020-07605-7

Anderson, A. J. M., et al. (2016) Development of an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Registry Derived from Observational Electronic Health Record Data for Comprehensive Clinical Phenotyping. Dig Dis Sci. 2016 November; 61(11): 3236-3245. doi: 10.1007/s10620-016-4278-z

McCarty, C.A., Berg, R., Rottscheit, C.M., Waudby, C.J., Kitchner, T., Brilliant, M., Ritchie, M.D. (2014) Validation of PhenX measures in the personalized medicine research project for use in gene/environment studies. BMC Med Genomics. 2014 January; 7: 3. doi: 10.1186/1755-8794-7-3

Mapping for PX050801_Butter_On_Bread_Frequency

dbGAP Study	dbGAP Variable	dbGAP Variable Description
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Cohort	phv00205066	[Dairy foods]. In the past year, how often on average did you consume... Margarine or a margarine/butter blend; pats added to food or bread. Q7 [Dietary Intake Form, exam 1]
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Cohort	phv00205187	[Dairy foods]. In the past year, how often on average did you consume... Margarine or a margarine/butter blend; pats added to food or bread. Q7 [Dietary Intake Form, exam 2]
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Cohort	phv00205286	[Dairy foods]. In the past year, how often on average did you consume... Margarine or a margarine/butter blend; pats added to food or bread. Q7 [Dietary Intake Form (DTIC), exam 3]

Mapping for PX050801_Cereal_Frequency

dbGAP Study	dbGAP Variable	dbGAP Variable Description
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Cohort	phv00205107	[Sweets, baked goods, cereals]. In the past year, how often on average did you consume... Cold breakfast cereal; 1/2 c. Q48 [Dietary Intake Form, exam 1]
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Cohort	phv00205228	[Sweets, baked goods, cereals]. In the past year, how often on average did you consume... Cold breakfast cereal; 1/2 c. Q48 [Dietary Intake Form, exam 2]
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Cohort	phv00205327	[Sweets, baked goods, cereals]. In the past year, how often on average did you consume... Cold breakfast cereal; 1/2 c. Q48 [Dietary Intake Form (DTIC), exam 3]

Mapping for PX050801_Orange_Juice_Frequency

dbGAP Study	dbGAP Variable	dbGAP Variable Description
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Cohort	phv00205070	[Fruits]. In the past year, how often on average did you consume... Orange or grapefruit juice; small glass. Q11 [Dietary Intake Form, exam 1]
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Cohort	phv00205191	[Fruits]. In the past year, how often on average did you consume... Orange or grapefruit juice; small glass. Q11 [Dietary Intake Form, exam 2]
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Cohort	phv00205290	[Fruits]. In the past year, how often on average did you consume... Orange or grapefruit juice; small glass. Q11 [Dietary Intake Form (DTIC), exam 3]

Mapping for PX050801_Rice_Frequency

dbGAP Study	dbGAP Variable	dbGAP Variable Description
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Cohort	phv00205116	[Miscellaneous]. In the past year, how often on average did you consume... Rice; 1/2 c. Q57 [Dietary Intake Form, exam 1]
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Cohort	phv00205237	[Miscellaneous]. In the past year, how often on average did you consume... Rice; 1/2 c. Q57 [Dietary Intake Form, exam 2]
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Cohort	phv00205336	[Miscellaneous]. In the past year, how often on average did you consume... Rice; 1/2 c. Q57 [Dietary Intake Form (DTIC), exam 3]

Mapping for PX050801_Skim_Milk_Frequency

dbGAP Study	dbGAP Variable	dbGAP Variable Description
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Cohort	phv00205060	[Dairy foods]. In the past year, how often on average did you consume... Skim or low fat milk; 8 oz. glass. Q1 [Dietary Intake Form, exam 1]
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Cohort	phv00205181	[Dairy foods]. In the past year, how often on average did you consume... Skim or low fat milk; 8 oz. glass. Q1 [Dietary Intake Form, exam 2]
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Cohort	phv00205280	[Dairy foods]. In the past year, how often on average did you consume... Skim or low fat milk; 8 oz. glass. Q1 [Dietary Intake Form (DTIC), exam 3]

Protocol - Percent Energy from Fat

Related Protocols:

Essential Protocols:

Description

Specific Instructions

Availability

Protocol

Personnel and Training Required

Equipment Needs

Requirements

Mode of Administration

Lifestage

Participants

Selection Rationale

Language

Standards

Derived Variables

Process and Review

Protocol Name from Source

Source

General References

Protocol ID

Variables

Measure Name

Release Date

Definition

Purpose

Keywords

Measure Protocols

Publications