Protocol - Inhibitory Control (Stop Signal Paradigm)
- Cognitive Flexibility (Dimensional Change Card Sort) - Children, Adolescents, and Adults
- Cognitive Flexibility (Dimensional Change Card Sort) - Young Children
- Motor and Attentional Impulsivity (Immediate and Delayed Memory Task)
- Response Inhibition (Go/NoGo Task)
- Working Memory - Adult
- Working Memory - Child
Description
STOP-IT is a computer-administered stop-signal task. Participants react as quickly as possible to a visual stimulus unless it is followed by an auditory stop signal presented after a variable delay. STOP-IT includes an analysis module (ANALYZE-IT) that calculates several summary variables.
For more conceptual information about the stop-signal task, please refer to the entry for the Stop-signal task in the Cognitive Atlas: http://www.cognitiveatlas.org/term/stop_signal_task
Specific Instructions
A compilation of research that has utilized this program can be found at www.psy.vanderbilt.edu/faculty/logan/#stopit
The task itself as compiled executable code for Windows 2k/XP can be downloaded from https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/handle/10871/13860
Availability
Protocol
Summary of the STOP-IT Stop Signal Task
The stop-signal procedure consists of a visually based primary task, followed 25 percent of the time by an auditory-based stop signal. For the primary task, participants differentiate between a square or circle by pressing a specific key as quickly as possible. The visual cues remain on the screen until the participants respond or 1,250 milliseconds (msec) expire. For the stop-signal task, the visual cue is followed, after a variable length of time (initially 250 msec), by a tone that signals to the subject not to respond. If the participant successfully inhibits their response, the stop-signal delay increases by 50 msec. If the participant does not successfully inhibit their response, the stop-signal delay decreases by 50 msec.
STOP-IT includes a practice phase of 32 trials followed by an experimental phase of three blocks of 64 trials (total). The number of practice and experimental phase trials can be adjusted.
Scoring
Results are written to an output file that includes block number, trial number, type of trial, whether the response was correct, reaction time, and stop signal delay. The ANALYZE-IT software calculates the means for a variety of summary variables including an estimation of stop signal reaction time (SSRT), where longer stop signal reaction time indicates greater motor impulsivity.
Personnel and Training Required
STOP-IT can be administered by research assistants trained in the ethical and competent use of psychological tests.
Equipment Needs
STOP-IT can be installed on computers running Windows 2000/XP.
Requirements
| Requirement Category | Required |
|---|---|
| Major equipment | No |
| Specialized training | No |
| Specialized requirements for biospecimen collection | No |
| Average time of greater than 15 minutes in an unaffected individual | No |
Mode of Administration
Self-administered evaluation
Lifestage
Child, Adolescent, Adult
Participants
Adults, adolescents, and children aged 7 years or older
Selection Rationale
The stop-signal task is a well-established, validated test of inhibitory control. STOP-IT is a freely available, precompiled executable program to perform the stop-signal task, which does not require further programming by the investigator.
Language
English
Standards
| Standard | Name | ID | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human Phenotype Ontology | Cognitive impairment | HP:0100543 | HPO |
| Human Phenotype Ontology | Addictive behavior | HP:0030858 | HPO |
| Human Phenotype Ontology | Impulsivity | HP:0100710 | HPO |
| Human Phenotype Ontology | Disinhibition | HP:0000734 | HPO |
| caDSR Form | PhenX PX530402 - Inhibitory Control Stop Signal Paradigm | 6930461 | caDSR Form |
Derived Variables
None
Process and Review
The Expert Review Panel #3 (ERP 3) reviewed the measures in Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Substances, and Substance Abuse and Addiction domains.
Guidance from ERP 3 includes:
• Changed name of Measure
• Updated protocol
• New Data Dictionary
Back-compatible: Back-compatible: Partially back-compatible (updated/similar protocol which would require some changes to the data dictionary), variable mapping between current and previous protocols can be found here.
Previous version in Toolkit archive (link)
Protocol Name from Source
STOP-IT task
Source
Verbruggen, F., Logan, G. D., & Stevens, M. A. (2008). STOP-IT: Windows executable software for the stop-signal paradigm. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 479-483.
Executables for the STOP-IT task and the accompanying ANALYZE-IT analysis program can be downloaded from Frederick Verbruggen’s website (Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, UK).
General References
Boucher, L., Palmeri, T. J., Logan, G. D., & Schall, J. D. (2007). Inhibitory control in mind and brain: An interactive race model of countermanding saccades. Psychological Review, 114, 376-397.
Monterosso, J. R., Aron, A. R., Cordova, X., Xu, J. S., & London, E. D. (2005). Deficits in response inhibition associated with chronic methamphetamine abuse. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 79, 273-277.
Nigg, J. T., Wong, M. M., Martel, M. M., Jester, J. M., Puttler, L. I., Glass, J. M., Adams, K. M., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Zucker, R. A. (2006). Poor response inhibition as a predictor of problem drinking and illicit drug use in adolescents at risk for alcoholism and other substance use disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 468-475.
van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., & van der Molen, M. W. (2004). Developmental trends in simple and selective inhibition of compatible and incompatible responses. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 87, 201-220.
Verbruggen, F., & Logan, G. D. (2009). Models of response inhibition in the stop-signal and stop-change paradigms. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33, 647-661.
Smith, J.L., Mattick, R.P., Jamadar, S.D., & Iredale, J.M. (2014). Deficits in behavioural inhibition in substance abuse and addiction: a meta-analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 145, 1-33.
Protocol ID
530402
Variables
Export Variables| Variable Name | Variable ID | Variable Description | dbGaP Mapping | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PX530402_Inhibitory_Control_ | ||||
| PX530402010000 | What is the calculated estimation of stop more | N/A | ||
Measure Name
Inhibitory Control (Stop Signal Paradigm)
Release Date
November 21, 2016
Definition
This measure assesses the ability of the participant to inhibit a response that has already been initiated.
Purpose
Inhibitory control is a component of impulsivity, and poor response inhibition is a risk factor for substance use disorders (Monterosso et al., 2005; Nigg et al., 2006).
Keywords
adolescent, Adult, Child, impulsivity, Inhibitory Control, STOP-IT, Stop-Signal, Stop-signal Paradigm, Stop-Signal Task, substance abuse, substance use, Vanderbilt University, SAA, Substance Use-related Neurobehavioral and Cognitive Risk Factors, computer administered
Measure Protocols
| Protocol ID | Protocol Name |
|---|---|
| 530402 | Inhibitory Control (Stop Signal Paradigm) |
Publications
There are no publications listed for this protocol.