Protocol - Peer/Partner Substance Use and Tolerance of Substance Use
- Community Risk and Protective Factors
- Disapproval of Substance Use
- Family Risk and Protective Factors
- Perceived Availability of Illegal Drugs and Alcohol
- Perceived Harm of Substance Use
- School Risk and Protective Factors
Description
This protocol includes two self-administered subscales from the 2015 Monitoring the Future (MTF) project survey. The Friends’ Use of Substances subscale includes questions taken from form 1, Part B, item 106 of the 12th-grade survey. The Friends’ Attitudes About Your Use subscale includes questions taken from form 6, Part D, item 18 of the 12th-grade survey.
Specific Instructions
Although the Monitoring the Future (MTF) questionnaire was created to assess the participant’s perception of peer use and peer tolerance of use, the Working Group (WG) suggests that the referent can be changed in the Friends’ Attitudes About Your Use section to assess the participant’s perception of spouse/romantic partner tolerance of use.
The WG notes that investigators can opt to collapse items for illicit drug use (e.g., drugs other than alcohol) post-data collection to be more parsimonious with their analyses. Alternatively, investigators can retain individual drug use specificity items as illicit drug use may vary from year to year or by geographic region(s) dependent on demographics, subpopulation, and/or cultural shifts as well as scientific objectives (e.g., a study on prescription drug use would want to single out specific drug[s]).
Availability
Protocol
Monitoring the Future Questionnaire
Friends’ Use of Substances (Form 1, Part B, Item 106)
1. How many of your friends would you estimate . . .
a. Smoke cigarettes?
1 [ ] None
2 [ ] A Few
3 [ ] Some
4 [ ] Most
5 [ ] All
b. Smoke marijuana (pot, weed) or hashish?
1 [ ] None
2 [ ] A Few
3 [ ] Some
4 [ ] Most
5 [ ] All
c. Take “Crack” cocaine?
1 [ ] None
2 [ ] A Few
3 [ ] Some
4 [ ] Most
5 [ ] All
d. Take cocaine powder?
1 [ ] None
2 [ ] A Few
3 [ ] Some
4 [ ] Most
5 [ ] All
e. Drink alcoholic beverages (liquor, beer, wine)?
1 [ ] None
2 [ ] A Few
3 [ ] Some
4 [ ] Most
5 [ ] All
g. Get drunk at least once a week?
1 [ ] None
2 [ ] A Few
3 [ ] Some
4 [ ] Most
5 [ ] All
h. Use an e-cigarette, e-pen, etc.?
1 [ ] None
2 [ ] A Few
3 [ ] Some
4 [ ] Most
5 [ ] All
Friends’ Attitudes About Your Use (Form 6, Part D, Item 18)
2. How do you think your CLOSE FRIENDS feel (or would feel) about YOU doing each of the following things? (Mark one circle for each line.)
a. Smoking one or more packs of cigarettes per day
1 [ ] Not Disapprove
2 [ ] Disapprove
3 [ ] Strongly Disapprove
b. Smoking cigarettes every day
1 [ ] Not Disapprove
2 [ ] Disapprove
3 [ ] Strongly Disapprove
c. Using smokeless tobacco occasionally
1 [ ] Not Disapprove
2 [ ] Disapprove
3 [ ] Strongly Disapprove
d. Using smokeless tobacco several times per day
1 [ ] Not Disapprove
2 [ ] Disapprove
3 [ ] Strongly Disapprove
e. Trying marijuana once or twice
1 [ ] Not Disapprove
2 [ ] Disapprove
3 [ ] Strongly Disapprove
f. Smoking marijuana occasionally
1 [ ] Not Disapprove
2 [ ] Disapprove
3 [ ] Strongly Disapprove
g. Trying “crack” cocaine once or twice
1 [ ] Not Disapprove
2 [ ] Disapprove
3 [ ] Strongly Disapprove
h. Trying “crack” cocaine occasionally
1 [ ] Not Disapprove
2 [ ] Disapprove
3 [ ] Strongly Disapprove
i. Trying cocaine powder once or twice
1 [ ] Not Disapprove
2 [ ] Disapprove
3 [ ] Strongly Disapprove
j. Taking cocaine powder occasionally
1 [ ] Not Disapprove
2 [ ] Disapprove
3 [ ] Strongly Disapprove
k. Taking one or two drinks nearly every day
1 [ ] Not Disapprove
2 [ ] Disapprove
3 [ ] Strongly Disapprove
l. Taking four or five drinks nearly every day
1 [ ] Not Disapprove
2 [ ] Disapprove
3 [ ] Strongly Disapprove
m. Having five or more drinks once or twice each weekend
1 [ ] Not Disapprove
2 [ ] Disapprove
3 [ ] Strongly Disapprove
n. Driving a car after having 1-2 drinks
1 [ ] Not Disapprove
2 [ ] Disapprove
3 [ ] Strongly Disapprove
o. Driving a car after having 5 or more drinks
1 [ ] Not Disapprove
2 [ ] Disapprove
3 [ ] Strongly Disapprove
Scoring
Investigators can compare the results from these questions with the yearly national trends published on the Monitoring the Future website (http://monitoringthefuture.org/) and with specific variables on the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Data Archive (SAMHDA, http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/content/SAMHDA/index)).
Personnel and Training Required
None
Equipment Needs
None
Requirements
| Requirement Category | Required |
|---|---|
| Major equipment | No |
| Specialized training | No |
| Specialized requirements for biospecimen collection | No |
| Average time of greater than 15 minutes in an unaffected individual | No |
Mode of Administration
Self-administered questionnaire
Lifestage
Adolescent
Participants
Adults and adolescents aged 13 years or older
Selection Rationale
The Monitoring the Future study is a reliable, valid, large-scale, national study that has been continuously administered to 12th graders since 1975. Since 1991, 8th and 10th graders have been included.
Language
English
Standards
| Standard | Name | ID | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| caDSR Form | PhenX PX540402 - Peer Partner Substance Use And Tolerance Of Substance Us | 6913286 | caDSR Form |
Derived Variables
None
Process and Review
The Expert Review Panel #3 (ERP 3) reviewed the measures in Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Substances, and Substance Abuse and Addiction domains.
Guidance from ERP 3 includes:
• Changed name of Measure
• Updated protocol
• New Data Dictionary
Back-compatible: there are changes to the Data Dictionary, previous version of the Data Dictionary and Variable mapping can be found here
Previous version in Toolkit archive (link)
Protocol Name from Source
Monitoring the Future (MTF), 2015
Source
Bachman, J. G., Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Schulenberg, J. E., & Miech, R. A. (2015). The Monitoring the Future project after four decades: Design and procedures (Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper No. 82). Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.
Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. (N.d.). Monitoring the Future: A continuing study of American youth. Anna Arbor, MI: Author. http://monitoringthefuture.org
General References
Chassin, L., Curran, P. J., Hussong, A. M., & Colder, C. R. (1996). The relation of parent alcoholism to adolescent substance use: A longitudinal follow-up study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 10-80.
Curran, P. J., Stice, E., & Chassin, L. (1997). The relation between adolescent alcohol use and peer alcohol use: A longitudinal random coefficients model. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 130-140.
Johnston, L., O’Malley, P., & Bachman, J. (1988). Illicit drug use, smoking and drinking by America’s high school students, college students, and young adults 1975-1987 (DHHS Publication No. [ADM] 89-1602). Washington, DC: National Institute on Drug Abuse, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
King, K. M., & Chassin, L. (2004). Mediating and moderated effects of adolescent behavioral undercontrol and parenting in the prediction of drug use disorders in emerging adulthood. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18, 239-249.
Marshal, M. P., & Molina, B. S. G. (2006). Antisocial behaviors moderate the deviant peer pathway to substance use in children with ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 216-226.
Marshal, M. P., Molina, B. S. G., & Pelham, W. E. (2003). Childhood ADHD and adolescent substance use: An examination of deviant peer group affiliation as a risk factor. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17, 293-302.
Protocol ID
540402
Variables
Export Variables| Variable Name | Variable ID | Variable Description | dbGaP Mapping | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PX540402_SubstanceUse_CloseFriends_Alcohol_FivePlus_Daily | ||||
| PX540402021300 | How do you think your CLOSE FRIENDS feel (or more | N/A | ||
| PX540402_SubstanceUse_CloseFriends_Alcohol_Four_Daily | ||||
| PX540402021200 | How do you think your CLOSE FRIENDS feel (or more | N/A | ||
| PX540402_SubstanceUse_CloseFriends_Alcohol_One_Daily | ||||
| PX540402021100 | How do you think your CLOSE FRIENDS feel (or more | N/A | ||
| PX540402_SubstanceUse_CloseFriends_Cigarettes_EveryDay | ||||
| PX540402020200 | How do you think your CLOSE FRIENDS feel (or more | N/A | ||
| PX540402_SubstanceUse_CloseFriends_Cocaine_Occasionally | ||||
| PX540402021000 | How do you think your CLOSE FRIENDS feel (or more | N/A | ||
| PX540402_SubstanceUse_CloseFriends_Cocaine_Once | ||||
| PX540402020900 | How do you think your CLOSE FRIENDS feel (or more | N/A | ||
| PX540402_SubstanceUse_CloseFriends_Crack_Occasionally | ||||
| PX540402020800 | How do you think your CLOSE FRIENDS feel (or more | N/A | ||
| PX540402_SubstanceUse_CloseFriends_Crack_Once | ||||
| PX540402020700 | How do you think your CLOSE FRIENDS feel (or more | N/A | ||
| PX540402_SubstanceUse_CloseFriends_Driving_After_FiveDrinks | ||||
| PX540402021500 | How do you think your CLOSE FRIENDS feel (or more | N/A | ||
| PX540402_SubstanceUse_CloseFriends_Driving_After_OneDrink | ||||
| PX540402021400 | How do you think your CLOSE FRIENDS feel (or more | N/A | ||
| PX540402_SubstanceUse_CloseFriends_Marijuana_Occasionally | ||||
| PX540402020600 | How do you think your CLOSE FRIENDS feel (or more | N/A | ||
| PX540402_SubstanceUse_CloseFriends_Marijuana_Once | ||||
| PX540402020500 | How do you think your CLOSE FRIENDS feel (or more | N/A | ||
| PX540402_SubstanceUse_CloseFriends_Pack_PerDay1 | ||||
| PX540402020100 | How do you think your CLOSE FRIENDS feel (or more | N/A | ||
| PX540402_SubstanceUse_CloseFriends_Smokeless_Tobacco | ||||
| PX540402020300 | How do you think your CLOSE FRIENDS feel (or more | N/A | ||
| PX540402_SubstanceUse_CloseFriends_Smokeless_Tobacco_Daily | ||||
| PX540402020400 | How do you think your CLOSE FRIENDS feel (or more | N/A | ||
| PX540402_SubstanceUse_Friends_Alcohol | ||||
| PX540402010500 | How many of your friends would you estimate more | N/A | ||
| PX540402_SubstanceUse_Friends_Cigarettes | ||||
| PX540402010100 | How many of your friends would you estimate more | N/A | ||
| PX540402_SubstanceUse_Friends_Cocaine | ||||
| PX540402010400 | How many of your friends would you estimate more | N/A | ||
| PX540402_SubstanceUse_Friends_Crack | ||||
| PX540402010300 | How many of your friends would you estimate more | N/A | ||
| PX540402_SubstanceUse_Friends_Drunk_Week | ||||
| PX540402010600 | How many of your friends would you estimate more | N/A | ||
| PX540402_SubstanceUse_Friends_Electronic_Cigarette | ||||
| PX540402010700 | How many of your friends would you estimate more | N/A | ||
| PX540402_SubstanceUse_Friends_Marijuana | ||||
| PX540402010200 | How many of your friends would you estimate more | N/A | ||
Measure Name
Peer/Partner Substance Use and Tolerance of Substance Use
Release Date
November 21, 2016
Definition
This measure assesses the perception (not actual use) of substance use by peers and tolerance of substance use.
Purpose
Peer and partner substance use and tolerance of substance use are strong predictors of potential adolescent substance use.
Keywords
adolescent, alcohol abuse, alcohol use, Drug Abuse, drug use, Drugs, Monitoring the Future, partner, Peer, Peer Tolerance, Peer Use, Romantic Partner, spouse, substance abuse, substance use, Tolerance, SAA, Substance Use-related Psychosocial Risk Factors
Measure Protocols
| Protocol ID | Protocol Name |
|---|---|
| 540402 | Peer/Partner Substance Use and Tolerance of Substance Use |
Publications
Conway, K. P., et al. (2018) Co-occurrence of tobacco product use, substance use, and mental health problems among youth: Findings from wave 1 (2013-2014) of the population assessment of tobacco and health (PATH) study. Addict Behav. 2018 January; 76: 208-217. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.08.009