Protocol - Motives - Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Substances - General
- Alcohol - 30-Day Quantity and Frequency
- Alcohol - Lifetime Use Disorder
- Cigarette Nicotine Dependence
- Patterns of Substance Use - Adolescents
- Patterns of Substance Use - Adults - Binge-Drinking
- Screening and Severity of Substance Use Problems - Adolescents
- Screening and Severity of Substance Use Problems - Adults - Alcohol - Lifetime
- Screening and Severity of Substance Use Problems - Adults - Alcohol - Past 12 Months
- Screening and Severity of Substance Use Problems - Adults - Drugs
- Substances - 30-Day Frequency
- Substances - Lifetime Abuse and Dependence
- Tobacco - 30-Day Quantity and Frequency - Adolescent
- Tobacco - 30-Day Quantity and Frequency - Adult
Description
The coping and enhancement subscales from the Drinking Motives Questionnaire Revised (DMQ-R) consist of 10 questions about the respondent’s coping and enhancement motives (reasons) for drinking alcohol. The respondent is asked to respond to each question via a five-item scale ranging from 1 for "almost never/never" to 5 for "almost always/always."
Specific Instructions
The subscales of the Drinking Motives Questionnaire Revised (DMQ-R) have been validated for alcohol and more broadly adapted to a variety of substances, including tobacco, marijuana, and cocaine. The questions in the DMQ-R are applicable to substances in general by replacing the phrase "drinking alcohol" with "smoking cigarettes" or "using [insert name of drug of interest]."
The Substance Abuse and Addiction Working Group acknowledges that the following questions may gather sensitive information relating to the use of substances and/or illegal conduct. If the information is released, it might be damaging to an individual’s employability, lead to social stigmatization, or lead to other consequences.
Most researchers assure confidentiality as part of their informed consent process, as required by their institutional review boards. Further assurance of confidentiality may be obtained by applying to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for a Certificate of Confidentiality, which helps researchers protect the privacy of human research participants. The procedures for the Certificate of Confidentiality can be found at the Grants Policy website of NIH: http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/policy/coc/index.htm.
Availability
Protocol
Here is a list of reasons people give for drinking alcohol (smoking cigarettes or using [insert name of drug of interest]). Thinking of all the times you drink (smoke cigarettes or use [insert name of drug of interest]), how often would you say that you drink (smoke cigarettes or use [insert name of drug of interest]) for each of the following reasons?
There are no right or wrong answers to these questions.
1. To forget your worries
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
2. Because it helps you when you feel depressed or nervous
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
3. To cheer up when you are in a bad mood
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
4. Because you like the feeling
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
5. Because it’s exciting
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
6. To get high
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
7. Because it gives you a pleasant feeling
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
8. Because you feel more self-confident or sure of yourself
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
9. To forget about your problems
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
10. Because it’s fun
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
Scoring Procedure and Interpretation
The items were renumbered 1-10 from their original item numbers in the full Drinking Motives Questionnaire Revised (DMQ-R), but the order of the items is consistent.
| DMQ-R subscale | Scoring procedure |
| Coping Motives | Mean of items 1, 2, 3, 8, and 9 |
| Enhancement Motives | Mean of items 4, 5, 6, 7, and 10 |
The scoring scheme reflects factors identified in the original publication. Factor structure may differ in individual studies.
Personnel and Training Required
The instrument was used initially as an interview in a study of adolescents but has been validated in young adult populations. The interviewer must be trained and found to be competent to conduct personal interviews with individuals from the general population. The interviewer should be trained to prompt respondents further if a "don’t know" response is provided.
Most researchers administer the instrument as a self-report.
Equipment Needs
None
Requirements
| Requirement Category | Required |
|---|---|
| Major equipment | No |
| Specialized training | No |
| Specialized requirements for biospecimen collection | No |
| Average time of greater than 15 minutes in an unaffected individual | No |
Mode of Administration
Self-administered or interviewer-administered questionnaire
Lifestage
Adolescent, Adult, Senior
Participants
Adolescents and adults aged 13 years and older
Selection Rationale
The Drinking Motives Questionnaire Revised (DMQ-R) includes the coping and enhancement subscales. It is a well-validated and widely used instrument in both clinical and research settings. The instrument was initially used as an interview in a study of adolescents, but it has since been validated in adult populations.
Language
English
Standards
| Standard | Name | ID | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human Phenotype Ontology | Addictive behavior | HP:0030858 | HPO |
| caDSR Form | PhenX PX520501 - Motives Alcohol Tobacco And Other Substances General | 6226697 | caDSR Form |
Derived Variables
None
Process and Review
The Expert Review Panel #3 (ERP 3) reviewed the measures in Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Substances, and Substance Abuse and Addiction domains.
Guidance from ERP 3 includes:
• No significant changes to measure
Back-compatible: NA no changes to Data Dictionary
Protocol Name from Source
Drinking Motives Questionnaire Revised (DMQ-R)
Source
Cooper, M. L. (1994). Motivations for alcohol use among adolescents: Development and validation of a four-factor model. Psychological Assessment, 6(2), 117-128.
General References
Comeau, N., Stewart, S. H., & Loba, P. (2001). The relations of trait anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and sensation seeking to adolescents’ motivations for alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use. Addictive Behaviors, 26(6), 803-825.
Cooper, M. L., Russell, M., Skinner, J. B., & Windle, M. (1992). Development and validation of a three-dimensional measure of drinking motives. Psychological Assessment, 4(2), 123-132.
Kuntsche, E., Knibbe, R., Gmel, G., & Engels, R. (2005). Why do young people drink? A review of drinking motives. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(7), 841-861.
Kuntsche, E., Knibbe, R., Gmel, G., & Engels, R. (2006). Replication and validation of the Drinking Motive Questionnaire Revised (DMQ-R, Cooper, 1994) among adolescents in Switzerland. European Addiction Research, 12, 161-168.
Kuntsche, E., Steward, S. H., & Cooper, M. L. (2008). How stable is the motive-alcohol use link? A cross-national validation of the Drinking Motive Questionnaire Revised among adolescents from Switzerland, Canada, and the United States. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69(3), 388-396.
Muesser, K. T., Pallavi, N., Tracy, J. I., DeGirolamo, J., & Mollinaro, M. (1995). Expectations and motives for substance use in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 21(3), 367-378.
Simons, J., Correia, C. J., Carey, K. B., & Borsari, B. E. (1998). Validating a five-factor marijuana motives measure: Relations with use, problems, and alcohol motives. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(3), 265-273.
Stewart, S. H., Zeitlin, S. B., & Samoluk, S. B. (1996). Examination of a three-dimensional drinking motives questionnaire in a young adult university student sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34(1), 61-71.
Ward, L.C., & Kersh, B.C. (1997). Psychometric assessment of motives for using cocaine in men with substance use disorders. Psychological Reports, 80(1), 189-190.
Protocol ID
520501
Variables
Export Variables| Variable Name | Variable ID | Variable Description | dbGaP Mapping | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PX520501_Because_Its_Exciting | ||||
| PX520501050000 | Because it's exciting | N/A | ||
| PX520501_Because_Its_Fun | ||||
| PX520501100000 | Because it's fun | N/A | ||
| PX520501_Because_You_Like_The_Feeling | ||||
| PX520501040000 | Because you like the feeling | N/A | ||
| PX520501_Gives_You_A_Pleasant_Feeling | ||||
| PX520501070000 | Because it gives you a pleasant feeling | N/A | ||
| PX520501_Helps_When_Depressed_Or_Nervous | ||||
| PX520501020000 | Because it helps you when you feel depressed more | N/A | ||
| PX520501_More_Selfconfident | ||||
| PX520501080000 | Because you feel more self-confident or sure more | N/A | ||
| PX520501_To_Cheer_Up | ||||
| PX520501030000 | To cheer up when you are in a bad mood | N/A | ||
| PX520501_To_Forget_About_Your_Problems | ||||
| PX520501090000 | To forget about your problems | N/A | ||
| PX520501_To_Forget_Your_Worries | ||||
| PX520501010000 | To forget your worries | N/A | ||
| PX520501_To_Get_High | ||||
| PX520501060000 | To get high | N/A | ||
Measure Name
Motives - Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Substances
Release Date
February 24, 2012
Definition
Instruments used separately to assess the motives (reasons) for drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes, or using drugs.
Purpose
The purpose of this measure is to assess motives (reasons) for drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes, or using drugs, by asking the respondent questions about his/her thoughts and motivations for such actions.The Working Group recommends that investigators incorporate two DMQ-R subscales (coping and enhancement) as core items to obtain general information on a variety of substances. The follow-up protocols (including the full version of the DMQ-R) can then be used to obtain detailed information on a single substance.
Keywords
addiction, alcohol, Brief Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives, Brief WISDM, cigarette, Conformity, coping, Craving, desire, DMQ-R, Drinking Motives Questionnaire Revised, Drugs, Enhancement, Illicit Drugs, marijuana, Marijuana Motives Measure, MMM, nicotine, SAA, social, substance abuse, tobacco, urge, Substance-specific Intermediate Phenotypes
Measure Protocols
| Protocol ID | Protocol Name |
|---|---|
| 520501 | Motives - Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Substances - General |
| 520502 | Motives - Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Substances - Specific - Alcohol |
| 520504 | Motives - Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Substances - Specific - Tobacco |
| 520506 | Motives - Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Substances - Specific - Drugs |
Publications
Hennigan, K. M., et al (2022) Associations between eating disorder symptoms and smoking and vaping use and motives in college students. Eating Behaviors. 2022 August; 46(6): 101652. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101652